Ankle-Brachial Index Calculator
What is the ankle–brachial index (ABI)?
The ankle–brachial index (ABI) is a noninvasive screening ratio that compares blood pressure measured at the ankle with blood pressure measured at the arm (brachial artery). It helps estimate how well blood is flowing to the legs and is commonly used to screen for peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition in which atherosclerotic plaque narrows or blocks arteries in the limbs.
Because ABI is quick, inexpensive, and repeatable, it is widely used in primary care, vascular clinics, and research. However, ABI values must always be interpreted in a clinical context, alongside symptoms, examination, and other tests.
How ABI is measured
The calculator on this page assumes that you have already measured systolic blood pressures at both ankles and in both arms using a blood pressure cuff and Doppler or stethoscope. In practice, clinicians typically follow these steps:
- Ask the patient to lie flat (supine) and rest for at least 5–10 minutes before measurements.
- Measure systolic blood pressure in both arms and record the values. Identify the higher brachial systolic pressure; this will be used as the denominator for ABI calculations in both legs.
- Place the cuff just above the ankle and locate either the dorsalis pedis artery or the posterior tibial artery using a Doppler probe or stethoscope.
- Measure systolic pressure at the left ankle and then at the right ankle, recording the highest reliable value for each side.
- Enter the left ankle systolic, right ankle systolic, and highest arm (brachial) systolic pressures into the calculator to obtain the left and right ABI.
Accurate measurements depend on proper cuff size, correct positioning at heart level, a calm resting state, and careful identification of arterial signals.
ABI formula
The ABI is defined as ankle systolic pressure divided by the higher brachial systolic pressure. Conceptually:
ABI = ankle systolic pressure ÷ highest brachial systolic pressure
Using MathML, the formula for a single leg can be written as:
Where:
Pankleis the systolic blood pressure (mmHg) measured at the ankle for that leg.Pbrachial,maxis the highest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) measured in either arm.
This calculator applies the same denominator (highest brachial systolic) to both the left and right ABI values, which is consistent with standard clinical practice.
Typical ABI interpretation ranges
ABI is a screening tool; interpretation ranges may differ slightly between guidelines, but a commonly used scheme is summarized below.
| ABI range | Typical interpretation |
|---|---|
| > 1.40 | Noncompressible or calcified arteries; values may be unreliable. Often associated with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or advanced age. |
| 1.00 – 1.40 | Generally considered normal arterial flow to the limb. |
| 0.91 – 0.99 | Borderline; may warrant closer clinical assessment, especially if symptoms are present. |
| 0.41 – 0.90 | Abnormal; compatible with mild to moderate PAD depending on symptoms and examination. |
| ≤ 0.40 | Severely reduced perfusion; may indicate severe PAD and a higher risk of critical limb ischemia. |
An ABI near 1.0 suggests that blood pressure at the ankle is similar to that at the arm, which is expected when large arteries to the legs are widely patent. As the ABI decreases below 1.0, it indicates a growing difference between arm and ankle pressures, which may reflect arterial narrowing or obstruction.
Interpreting your calculator results
After entering the systolic pressures, the calculator provides separate ABI values for the left and right legs. The following points may help with interpretation in a clinical or educational setting:
- Normal range (1.00–1.40): Usually consistent with adequate large-artery blood flow to the legs. This does not exclude other causes of leg pain (for example, musculoskeletal or neurogenic) or early vascular disease.
- Borderline (0.91–0.99): May indicate early or mild vascular changes. Clinical follow-up, risk-factor assessment (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, lipids), and repeat ABI testing may be considered by a healthcare professional.
- Abnormal (0.41–0.90): Compatible with PAD. Patients in this range often have exertional leg symptoms (such as intermittent claudication), but some may be asymptomatic. Further evaluation, risk-factor management, and imaging or functional testing may be appropriate under clinician guidance.
- Severely reduced (≤ 0.40): Suggests markedly impaired limb perfusion and a higher risk of critical limb ischemia, nonhealing ulcers, or tissue loss. This typically requires prompt specialist assessment.
- High ABI (> 1.40): May reflect noncompressible, stiff, or calcified arteries rather than truly normal or high perfusion. In such cases, alternative tests such as toe–brachial index (TBI), pulse volume recordings, or imaging are often recommended.
Always interpret ABI values together with symptoms (e.g., exertional calf pain, rest pain, nonhealing wounds), physical findings (pulses, skin changes), and overall cardiovascular risk profile.
Worked example
The following example illustrates how the calculator uses the input values.
Suppose you measure:
- Right arm systolic: 138 mmHg
- Left arm systolic: 130 mmHg
- Left ankle systolic (posterior tibial): 110 mmHg
- Right ankle systolic (dorsalis pedis): 95 mmHg
The highest brachial systolic pressure is 138 mmHg (right arm). For the calculator, you would enter:
- Left Ankle Systolic: 110 mmHg
- Right Ankle Systolic: 95 mmHg
- Highest Arm Systolic: 138 mmHg
The ABIs are then:
- Left ABI = 110 ÷ 138 ≈ 0.80
- Right ABI = 95 ÷ 138 ≈ 0.69
Using the interpretation table, both values fall in the 0.41–0.90 range, compatible with mild to moderate PAD. The right leg ABI is lower than the left, suggesting relatively more significant arterial compromise on the right side. A clinician might use this information to guide further assessment, but it is not a diagnosis on its own.
ABI categories compared
The table below contrasts the main ABI categories, their general meaning, and common next steps in clinical contexts. These descriptions are for education only and are not treatment recommendations.
| ABI category | Typical range | General implication |
|---|---|---|
| High / noncompressible | > 1.40 | Arteries may be stiff or calcified; ABI may underestimate disease. Alternative tests often needed. |
| Normal | 1.00 – 1.40 | Large-artery flow to the legs is usually adequate, but PAD cannot be completely excluded. |
| Borderline | 0.91 – 0.99 | Possible early or mild disease; warrants attention to risk factors and symptoms. |
| Abnormal | 0.41 – 0.90 | Consistent with PAD of varying severity; may affect walking distance and wound healing. |
| Severely reduced | ≤ 0.40 | Marked ischemia; higher risk of rest pain, ulcers, and tissue loss; usually needs urgent specialist review. |
Limitations, assumptions, and proper use
This ABI calculator is intended for informational and educational purposes and assumes that pressures are measured correctly using standard clinical techniques. Key limitations and assumptions include:
- Screening tool, not a diagnosis: ABI helps identify people who may have PAD but does not confirm or rule out disease on its own. Diagnosis and management decisions require a full clinical assessment by a qualified healthcare professional.
- Measurement technique matters: Incorrect cuff size, cuffs placed over clothing, rapid deflation, or poor Doppler positioning can all distort readings and lead to misleading ABI values.
- Noncompressible arteries: In patients with diabetes, advanced chronic kidney disease, or heavy medial arterial calcification, arteries may not compress normally. This can produce ABI values > 1.40 that do not reflect true perfusion, making ABI unreliable. Toe–brachial index or other modalities may be preferred in these settings.
- Hemodynamic variability: Cardiac arrhythmias (such as atrial fibrillation), acute illness, or recent vigorous exercise can cause fluctuations in systolic pressure and affect ABI results.
- Segmental disease: ABI reflects overall pressure at the ankle but does not localize where along the arterial tree a lesion is located. Imaging or segmental pressure testing is needed for anatomical detail.
- Population differences: Thresholds and recommended next steps may vary between guidelines and patient populations. The ranges provided here are typical but not universal.
- Not a substitute for emergency care: New or worsening rest pain, cold or pale limbs, sudden loss of pulses, or signs of infection or tissue loss require urgent medical attention, regardless of ABI values.
Important: Do not start, stop, or change any medication, exercise plan, or other treatment based solely on ABI values or this calculator. Always discuss results with a healthcare professional who can interpret them in the context of your overall health.
Disclaimer and sources
This tool does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It is designed to support learning and clinical decision-making by professionals, not to replace clinical judgment. Patients should consult their own clinician regarding any questions about symptoms, test results, or treatment options.
ABI interpretation ranges are broadly consistent with recommendations from major vascular and cardiovascular societies and widely used clinical references. Specific thresholds and management pathways may vary between guidelines and regions.