Planted Aquarium Ecosystem Planner

The Planted Aquarium as a Closed Ecosystem

A planted aquarium represents a miniature ecosystem where plants, fish, bacteria, and water chemistry interact in complex ways. Unlike traditional fish tanks where filtration handles nutrient cycling, planted aquariums rely on aquatic plants to consume excess nutrients, produce oxygen, and maintain water balance. Success requires understanding and optimizing multiple interdependent parameters: water chemistry (pH, KH, GH), lighting, nutrient dosing, CO2 levels, and bioload capacity.

The field of aquascaping has grown from hobby niche to serious art form, with competition winners spending hundreds of hours perfecting ecosystems that appear effortless. This calculator helps both beginners and experienced aquascapers understand the mathematical relationships between setup parameters and ecosystem health.

Water Chemistry Fundamentals

Water parameter management begins with understanding three key chemical systems:

• pH (acidity/alkalinity): Scale from 0-14, with 7.0 being neutral. Most aquarium plants thrive at 6.0-7.5 pH.
• GH (General Hardness): Measures dissolved minerals (calcium, magnesium). Most plants prefer 4-8 dGH (soft to moderately hard water).
• KH (Carbonate Hardness/Alkalinity): Measures buffering capacity. KH above 6 dKH strongly resists pH change; low KH (2-4 dKH) allows easier pH adjustment but risks crash.

The relationship between these parameters follows complex equilibrium chemistry:

This Henderson-Hasselbalch equation shows that pH depends on the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid (which relates to CO2). Increasing CO2 concentration lowers pH; adding carbonates raises pH.

CO2 Injection and Gas Exchange

CO2 is the limiting factor in most planted tanks. Unlike terrestrial plants with unlimited atmospheric CO2, aquatic plants rely on dissolved CO2 in the water column. Natural diffusion provides only 3-5 ppm CO2 (plants need 20-40 ppm for optimal growth). CO2 injection overcomes this limitation:

For a 40-gallon tank targeting 30 ppm CO2, assuming 50% dissolution efficiency:

Nutrient Dosing Strategies

Even with CO2, plants require macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and micronutrients (iron, boron, copper, etc.). Two primary dosing strategies exist:

• Water column dosing: Add liquid fertilizers containing dissolved nutrients. Typical NPK ratios are 5:1:3 (nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium) at 2-5 ppm per week.
• Substrate dosing: Use enriched aquatic soil and root tabs. More stable long-term but requires periodic renewal.

The dosing formula depends on tank volume:

For example, to add 3 ppm nitrogen to a 40-gallon tank using a fertilizer with 7% nitrogen (70 mg/mL): (3 × 40) / 70 = 1.7 mL of fertilizer weekly.

Lighting and Photoperiod Optimization

Plant growth rate directly correlates with light intensity and photoperiod (daily light duration). The relationship follows the Monod equation for photosynthesis:

Typical lighting recommendations:

• Low-light plants (Anubias, Java Fern): 1-2 watts per gallon, 6-8 hours daily
• Medium-light plants (stem plants, easy plants): 2-3 watts per gallon, 8-10 hours daily
• High-light plants (red plants, demanding plants): 3+ watts per gallon, 10-12 hours daily

More than 10-12 hours daily increases algae risk without additional photosynthesis benefit (saturating effect). LED fixtures are ideal because they produce less heat than incandescent/halogen alternatives.

Bioload Calculation and Plant-to-Fish Balance

Fish produce ammonia and nitrates through waste. Plants consume these nutrients for growth. The balance determines water quality:

In heavily planted tanks (50%+ plant coverage), fish bioload alone often suffices for nutrient demands. In lightly planted tanks, supplemental fertilization is necessary. A general rule:

• Heavy plant coverage (50%+): Can support 3-5x more fish biomass than traditional filters
• Moderate plant coverage (20-50%): Can support 2-3x more fish than traditional setups
• Light plant coverage (5-20%): Similar capacity to traditional aquariums; requires supplemental dosing

Worked Example: 40-Gallon High-Light Tank

Setup parameters:

• Volume: 40 gallons
• Plant coverage: 35% (heavily planted but with open water)
• Desired CO2: 30 ppm
• Target pH: 6.8 (neutral)
• Fish: 15 small community fish (moderate bioload)

CO2 requirements:

Lighting: 150-180 watts of LED lighting (3.75-4.5 W/gallon), 9 hours daily

Nutrient dosing (weekly):

• Nitrogen: 2 ppm → 2.8 mL of 7% fertilizer
• Phosphorus: 0.5 ppm → 1.4 mL of 2% fertilizer
• Potassium: 1.5 ppm → 0.86 mL of 10% fertilizer
• Iron/Trace elements: 0.25 ppm → 1.7 mL of standard all-in-one fertilizer

Water change schedule: 30% weekly (removes excess nutrients, refreshes minerals)

Common Parameter Ranges by Tank Type

Parameter	Low-Tech	Medium-Tech	High-Tech
CO2 (ppm)	3-8 (natural)	20-30 (injected)	30-40 (optimized)
Lighting (W/gal)	1-2	2-3	3-4+
Photoperiod (hours)	6-8	8-10	10-12
pH	6.5-7.5	6.0-7.0	5.8-6.8
KH (dKH)	4-8	3-6	2-4
Fertilizer dosing	Minimal/substrate	Weekly water column	3x weekly or daily
Maintenance frequency	Monthly	Bi-weekly	Weekly

Substrate Selection and Nutrient Retention

Substrate type dramatically affects nutrient cycling and plant growth:

• Aquatic soil (ADA Aquasoil, etc.): Pre-enriched with minerals and micronutrients. Provides nutrients for 6-12 months before exhaustion. Acidifies water (lowers pH). Cost: $30-50 per 9L bag.
• Sand (inert): Provides minimal nutrients. Requires complete water column fertilization. Cost: $5-10 per bag. Excellent for root-feeding plants with root tabs.
• Gravel (inert): Similar to sand but worse water flow and plant anchoring. Not recommended for planted tanks.
• Mixed approach: Layer of enriched soil under sand. Provides initial nutrients (soil) with long-term flexibility (sand). Combines benefits of both.

Algae Prevention Through Parameter Balance

Algae outbreaks result from parameter imbalance, usually excess nutrients without adequate plant uptake. Prevention strategies:

• Maintain 2+ ppm CO2 (CO2-limited systems promote algae)
• Reduce photoperiod to 8-10 hours (excess light without sufficient plants causes algae)
• Ensure plant coverage exceeds 30% (nutrient sinks)
• Don't overdose fertilizers; match dosing to plant demand
• Perform regular water changes (25-50% weekly) to dilute accumulated nutrients
• Reduce fish bioload if nitrates exceed 20 ppm consistently

Maintenance Schedule by Setup Type

Low-tech (no CO2):

• Weekly: 25% water change, check filter
• Monthly: Prune plants, spot-check parameters
• Quarterly: Replace substrate tabs, deep clean

Medium-tech (pressurized CO2):

• 2-3x weekly: 25% water changes, dose fertilizers
• Weekly: Check CO2 levels, prune plants, monitor parameters
• Monthly: Full water test, filter maintenance
• Quarterly: Replace CO2 cylinder if empty

High-tech (optimized setup):

• 3-5x weekly: Small water changes (10-20%), dose fertilizers multiple times
• Daily: Monitor CO2 (drop checker), lighting, temperature
• Weekly: Large water change (50%), full parameter test, equipment check
• Monthly: Deep substrate maintenance, filter cleaning

Terrarium/Paludarium Considerations

Hybrid terrarium/paludarium setups (partially submerged plants, terrestrial components) introduce additional complexity:

• Humidity must be maintained (60-80% for most plants)
• Air circulation prevents fungal growth without drying plants
• Substrate must support both aquatic and terrestrial plant roots
• Temperature stability becomes more important (24-26°C ideal)
• Water parameters matter less for terrestrial components but still affect aquatic portions

Nitrogen Cycle in Planted Tanks

Plants consume ammonia and nitrate directly, bypassing the traditional nitrification cycle that fish-only tanks rely on:

Heavily planted tanks can establish with fish immediately (no cycling period) because plants consume ammonia faster than bacteria can produce it. This is why planted tanks with 50%+ plant coverage rarely experience algae blooms or fish loss from parameter swings.

Common Mistakes and Troubleshooting

• Algae blooms: Reduce lighting to 8 hours, increase CO2, or increase water change frequency
• Plant melting after planting: Normal adaptation to submerged life; maintain parameters and patience (2-4 weeks)
• Stunted growth despite good lighting: Likely CO2 limitation; increase CO2 to 25-30 ppm or supplement macronutrients
• Yellow or pale leaves: Iron deficiency; dose iron-specific fertilizer or convert to iron-rich aquasoil
• Fish deaths without algae: Check CO2 levels (excess CO2 lowers pH suddenly, shocking fish); verify parameters

Limitations and Assumptions

This calculator assumes standard freshwater tropical aquarium setups. Brackish and marine planted setups have different parameter ranges. CO2 injection requirements vary based on diffuser efficiency (factors of 2-3x difference). Plant growth rates depend heavily on individual species—some are anubias/java fern (slow, shade-tolerant); others are rotala/ludwigia (fast, light-hungry). Nutrient absorption rates vary by plant type, plant mass, water temperature, and individual plant health. The calculator assumes stable environmental conditions; temperature fluctuations, light on/off cycles, and power outages significantly affect plant growth and parameter stability. Real-world bioload depends on fish species, feeding frequency, and tank temperature.

Summary and Key Takeaways

A successful planted aquarium balances multiple interdependent systems: water chemistry, lighting, CO2, nutrients, plant biomass, and bioload. This calculator helps identify optimal parameters for your specific setup. Start with lower-tech approaches if you're new to planted tanks; high-tech systems offer faster growth but require more attention and equipment investment. Plants reward patience—most planted tanks don't truly stabilize until 3-4 months of operation. Track your parameters weekly initially; once stable, monthly checks usually suffice. Join aquascaping communities to learn from experienced aquascapers and troubleshoot problems specific to your plants and fish.