Roman Numeral Converter

The Legacy of Roman Numerals

Roman numerals express numbers using combinations of seven Latin letters: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), and M (1000). Placing a smaller value before a larger one indicates subtraction, while placing it after indicates addition. The calculator supports values from 1 to 3999, covering the range used on clocks, book chapters, and movie titles.

Mathematical Description

Converting a number $n$ into Roman form involves decomposing it into the largest allowed symbols. Formally, we choose coefficients $a_k$ for each Roman value $r_k$ such that $$n=\sum _{k=1}^m{a}_k{r}_k$$ subject to the Roman system’s subtraction rules. The greedy algorithm used here always subtracts the largest possible value, guaranteeing a canonical numeral.

Sample Conversions

Use the table to test the converter or to memorize common numerals.

Practical Uses

Designers often combine Roman numerals with modern typography for a classical look. Educators rely on them when teaching history, music theory, and mathematics. For base conversions beyond Roman numerals, try the base-N converter or explore text formatting with the word counter tool. Together, these utilities simplify everyday number translations.