We are working on building a calculator for every computation life throws at you - from the serious to the whimsical.
Solve small 0/1 knapsack problems by dynamic programming. Enter up to five items with weights and values plus a capacity to find the optimal selection.
Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a 3x3 matrix using the characteristic polynomial and cross products.
Determine whether your A/B experiment results are statistically significant with this easy-to-use significance calculator. Enter your visitors and conversions for two variants to get instant confidence levels.
Interactive abacus calculator that renders a soroban or suanpan on an HTML5 canvas. Drag beads, switch bases, export images, and learn the history and math of abaci.
Find the absolute humidity in grams per cubic meter from temperature and relative humidity. Understand how moisture content changes with weather.
Analyze absorbing Markov chains by computing the fundamental matrix, expected steps to absorption, and absorption probabilities.
Convert between peak, peak-to-peak and root-mean-square values for sinusoidal voltages and estimate power dissipation in a resistive load.
Estimate the temperature of a thin accretion disk around a star or black hole from mass, accretion rate, and radius.
Compute the concentration of an acid or base solution at the equivalence point using titration volumes and molarity.
Compute pressure and intensity reflection coefficients when sound waves encounter an interface between materials of different acoustic impedance.
Convert acoustic intensity to decibel level using the standard reference value.
Estimate the temperature after adiabatic compression using initial state, pressure ratio and heat capacity ratio.
Estimate atmospheric temperature change with altitude using dry or moist adiabatic lapse rate assumptions.
Compute final pressure, volume, or temperature for an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic change.
Compute air density from temperature, pressure, and humidity. Learn how weather conditions affect air mass and why it matters in aviation, HVAC, and science.
Estimate pressure drop across an HVAC air filter using airflow rate and filter type.
Estimate power from a crosswind kite system using kite area, lift coefficient, wind speed and efficiency.
Estimate aerodynamic lift force using air density, velocity, wing area, and lift coefficient. Helpful for pilots, engineers, and students studying flight.
Apply Aitken's delta-squared process to improve the convergence of a sequence.
Estimate negative energy requirements for an Alcubierre-style warp bubble.
Estimate the Alfvén wave speed in a plasma from magnetic field strength and mass density using the classic magnetohydrodynamic formula.
Estimate the energy required to terraform an alien planet using size, target oxygen level, and years of preparation. Ideal for sci-fi world builders and curious astronomers.
Design comfortable habitats for unusual alien creatures by calculating enclosure volume based on creature size, count, and enrichment complexity. A whimsical tool for imaginative zoo keepers.
Convert metal hardness values among Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell scales using simple empirical relationships.
Evaluate pairwise comparisons and compute priority weights and consistency ratio using the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
Estimate the pullout strength of a cast-in-place anchor bolt based on diameter, embedment depth, and concrete strength using simplified ACI concepts.
Convert angles among degrees, radians, gradians, arcminutes, and arcseconds with this free angle converter.
Determine the angle of elevation or depression given a horizontal distance and height difference.
Compute the angle at which granular material begins to slide using the coefficient of friction or slope ratio.
Calculate angular momentum for a point mass or rigid body using mass, radius, velocity or moment of inertia and angular speed.
Solve for initial or final angular velocity or moment of inertia using I₁ω₁ = I₂ω₂.
Estimate the gestation length of mammals based on body mass using a simplified scaling model.
Calculate ideal antenna lengths for a given frequency. Supports quarter-wave and half-wave configurations with optional velocity factor.
Estimate true catastrophe rates accounting for anthropic selection effects.
Estimate serial dilution concentrations to find the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic in microbiology experiments.
Determine the final antibody concentration after serial dilutions by entering the starting titer, dilution factor, and number of dilution steps.
Compute the scale reading for a person in an accelerating elevator using N = m(g ± a).
Find out how much your appliances cost to run by entering wattage, hours of use, and electricity rate.
Calculate the energy consumption and cost of running home appliances based on wattage, usage hours, and electricity rate.
Estimate the payback period for replacing an old appliance with an energy-efficient model. Enter energy usage and costs to see savings.
Numerically integrate the arc length of a function between two points.
Determine the cubic meters of earth to excavate for an archaeological trench or pit.
Compute wear volume using the Archard wear equation based on load, hardness, distance, and wear coefficient.
Convert area measurements between square meters, square kilometers, square feet, acres and more with this area converter.
Compute the arithmetic-geometric mean of two positive numbers and learn its surprising connections to elliptic integrals and fast numerical algorithms.
Calculate reaction rate constants using the Arrhenius equation. Determine how activation energy and temperature affect chemical kinetics.
Estimate required asphalt pavement thickness using the AASHTO 1993 flexible pavement design equation.
Compute the kinetic energy of an incoming asteroid from diameter, density and speed to gauge potential damage.
Estimate convective heat flux on a spacecraft's nose during atmospheric reentry using the Sutton–Graves relation.
Estimate the density scale height of an atmosphere using temperature, molar mass, and surface gravity.
Compute acceleration and rope tension for a classic Atwood machine given two masses.
Compute the autocorrelation function of a time series for user-specified lags.
Use Avogadro's constant to convert between moles, molecules, and mass for any substance.
Estimate the expected signal power in an axion haloscope given magnetic field, cavity volume, quality factor and axion parameters.
Evaluate B-spline basis functions for given knots, degree, and parameter.
Estimate the chance of a new inflating pocket universe forming via quantum tunneling using a thin-wall action.
Predict how a colony of bacteria expands over time. Enter the starting population, growth rate, and time to see the final count using an exponential model.
Analyze collisions with a ballistic pendulum to determine projectile speed, mass, or rise height using conservation of momentum and energy.
Estimate flight time, range, and peak height for a projectile based on launch speed and angle.
Explore the Banach–Tarski paradox by modeling mass duplication from a decomposed sphere.
Determine the ideal banking angle and safe speed range for a vehicle negotiating a circular turn using radius, speed, and friction.
Determine how many weight plates to load on each side of a barbell to reach a target weight in pounds or kilograms.
Compute atmospheric pressure at a given altitude using the barometric formula and explore how pressure decreases with height.
Compute barycentric coordinates of a point with respect to a triangle.
Apply Bayes' theorem to combine prior probability with new evidence and compute the posterior.
Compute bending stress for beams by entering bending moment and section modulus, with tips for safe structural design.
Calculate midspan deflection for a simply supported beam with a central point load. Learn about Young's modulus, moment of inertia, and how loading affects structural stiffness.
Compute the allowable central point load for a simply supported beam using section modulus and allowable stress.
Calculate reaction forces and peak shear in a simply supported beam with a distributed load.
Estimate how much honey your beehive will produce based on frame counts and extraction efficiency.
Calculate the alcohol content of beer by entering original and final gravity readings. Learn how fermentation affects ABV and discover tips for improving your homebrew.
Estimate international bitterness units for your homebrew using hop weight, alpha acids, boil time, and final volume. Dial in the perfect level of bitterness.
Compute pressure differences and velocities in a flowing fluid using Bernoulli's principle. Explore energy conservation in liquids and gases.
Generate Bernoulli numbers using the Akiyama-Tanigawa algorithm.
Evaluate the beta distribution's PDF and CDF for given parameters.
Compute the Beta function for positive inputs using the Gamma relation.
Evaluate density and cumulative values of the Beta Prime distribution.
Determine the correct spoke length for your custom bike wheel by entering rim diameter, hub dimensions, and lacing pattern.
Compute PDF and CDF values for the binomial distribution.
Estimate contaminant concentrations in aquatic organisms using water concentration and bioaccumulation factor inputs.
Estimate long-term carbon sequestration potential of biochar produced from biomass using carbon content, yield and stability factors.
Estimate decomposition time for biodegradable plastics based on thickness, temperature, moisture and composting efficiency.
Estimate biogas and methane yields from anaerobic digestion using feedstock mass, volatile solids content, and specific gas yield.
Calculate biomass or product output from a bioreactor using cell density, productivity, and volume.
Compute biorhythm cycles from your birth date to see physical, emotional, and intellectual peaks and troughs for any target day.
Estimate wing loading for birds based on weight and wing area to study flight characteristics.
Generate a simple astrological birth chart using your date, time, and place of birth. Discover your sun sign and rising sign with a detailed explanation of how these elements influence your personality.
Estimate the chance that at least two people in a group share the same birthday using the famous birthday paradox formula.
Compute the joint probability density and rectangular region probability for a bivariate normal distribution with given means, standard deviations, and correlation.
Estimate the Hawking evaporation time and temperature of a black hole from its mass using the quantum mechanical radiation formula.
Estimate Hawking temperature, Bekenstein entropy and the Hayden–Preskill scrambling time for a black hole of given mass.
Estimate the growth timescale of a scalar cloud around a spinning black hole due to the superradiant instability.
Estimate your chance of busting on the next hit and get basic strategy hints with this blackjack odds calculator.
Calculate how much a solute raises the boiling point of a solvent using the formula ΔTb = i Kb m.
Estimate clamp force from bolt torque using a standard K factor. Understand how fastener preload works with practical examples.
Compute nominal and design shear strength of a structural bolt based on diameter, material strength, number of shear planes, and thread condition.
Estimate the fantastically tiny odds of a self-aware brain appearing from thermal fluctuations in a de Sitter universe.
Compute the Boltzmann factor e^(-E/kT) to evaluate the relative probability of a system occupying a higher energy state at a given temperature.
Plan ideal watering intervals for your bonsai tree by considering pot size, species, humidity, and temperature.
Estimate the spine width needed for perfect-bound books. Input page count and paper thickness to get an accurate measurement for your cover design.
Estimate the critical temperature for forming a dilute Bose–Einstein condensate given atomic mass and number density.
Compute occupation numbers for bosonic energy levels and estimate the critical temperature for Bose–Einstein condensation.
Estimate the mass and radius of noninteracting or self-interacting boson stars from particle mass and scattering length inputs.
Compute a simple Bouguer gravity anomaly using observed gravity, elevation, and rock density.
Estimate the weight of an irregular boulder using its dimensions and rock density. Useful for landscaping, construction, and geology projects.
Explore Boyle's law by solving for final pressure or volume of a gas when the other changes at constant temperature.
Compute the travel time of a frictionless bead along the brachistochrone curve.
Determine diffraction angles using Bragg's law for crystallography and materials analysis.
Find the incidence angle where reflected light becomes perfectly polarized. Calculate using the refractive indices of two media.
Estimate the number of bricks and volume of mortar required for a masonry wall based on wall dimensions, brick size, and joint thickness.
Estimate local scour depth at bridge piers using the HEC-18 equation with pier width, flow depth, velocity, and correction factors.
Calculate exactly how much salt and sugar to use in your brine for meats and vegetables. Achieve consistent flavor every time.
Model the buoyant ascent, volume, and translation speed of underwater bubble rings using simplified vortex ring physics.
Compute the buffering capacity of a weak acid/conjugate base system using the Henderson-Hasselbalch relation.
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution based on acid and conjugate base concentrations. Useful for biochemistry and molecular biology labs.
Compute bulk modulus, pressure change, or volume change for compressed or expanded materials using B = -ΔP/(ΔV/V).
Estimate vessel stability by calculating metacentric height from beam width and centers of gravity and buoyancy.
Determine the upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object. Explore fluid density, displaced volume, and gravity.
Determine the number of business days between two dates, excluding weekends and holidays.
Estimate how long butterfly eggs, larvae, and pupae take to develop based on ambient temperature.
Estimate the chance that someone will help in an emergency based on group size and individual willingness. Explore how the bystander effect influences collective action.
Compute points on a Bézier curve using De Casteljau's algorithm.
Estimate tension in a suspended cable given load, angle, and desired safety factor. Learn how geometry and safety margins influence overhead line design.
Determine your recommended daily caffeine allowance with our Caffeine Intake Calculator. Enter your weight and consumed caffeine to see if you are within safe limits.
Estimate the allowable end load on a cantilever beam using deflection limits, material modulus, and section properties.
Solve for charge, capacitance, or voltage of an ideal capacitor using Q = CV. Includes an extensive discussion of capacitor behavior, energy storage, and practical applications.
Compute the energy stored in a capacitor from its capacitance and voltage using E=1/2CV^2.
Compute equivalent capacitance for up to five capacitors arranged in series or parallel and estimate stored charge and energy for an optional supply voltage.
Determine how high a liquid climbs in a capillary tube using surface tension, contact angle, and tube radius. Learn the physics of capillary action and its real-world implications.
Calculate your annual carbon footprint based on home energy, transportation, diet, and waste habits. Discover ways to reduce your environmental impact today.
Calculate the maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine using the Carnot equation. Explore how temperature limits convert heat into useful work.
Evaluate working capital efficiency by calculating the cash conversion cycle from inventory, receivable, and payable days.
Estimate the Casimir force between two parallel plates in a vacuum using plate area and separation distance.
Compute Catalan numbers and learn about their many combinatorial interpretations.
Estimate sag and support reactions for a uniformly loaded overhead cable using a parabolic approximation to the catenary equation.
Evaluate the PDF and CDF of the Cauchy distribution for any location and scale parameters.
Test the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for two vectors and explore its geometric interpretation with an in-depth explanation.
Estimate the number of discrete spacetime elements in a region by sprinkling Planck volumes over its 4-volume.
Estimate how long a cave exploration will take based on passage length, movement speed, and planned rest stops.
Check the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for a 2×2 matrix and see its characteristic polynomial.
Calculate an approximate airflow rating for a ceiling fan based on diameter, rotation speed, and efficiency factor.
Compute the center of mass for up to five point masses in three dimensions using weighted averages.
Determine the centripetal force needed to keep an object moving in a circle. Enter mass, velocity, and radius to find the inward force.
Estimate the maximum mass of a white dwarf supported by electron degeneracy pressure using the Chandrasekhar limit.
Compute the characteristic polynomial of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix and learn how it relates to eigenvalues.
Solve Charles's law problems by relating gas volume and absolute temperature at constant pressure.
Compute Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind for a given degree and value.
Calculate theoretical and percent yield for a chemical reaction using limiting reagent data and stoichiometric coefficients.
Compute the angle of Cherenkov radiation emitted by a charged particle moving through a medium. Enter particle speed and refractive index to see the emission geometry.
Calculate how your chess Elo rating will change after a match. Enter your rating, your opponent's rating, result, and K-factor to see the expected adjustment.
Perform a chi-square test of independence on a 2x2 contingency table. Calculate expected counts, the chi-square statistic and a p-value to judge association between two categorical variables.
Compute the pdf, cumulative probability, survival value, and quantiles of the chi-squared distribution.
Estimate a child's future adult height using the mid-parental method with this simple child height predictor.
Determine your Chinese zodiac animal and element using your birth year, with explanations of the 12-animal cycle and five elements.
Estimate resonance frequencies for a thin square plate using its material properties and mode numbers. Useful for exploring Chladni patterns.
Determine the retention factor of analytes in chromatography using retention and dead times.
Estimate the number of discrete time units or chronons elapsed since the big bang.
Calculate the area of a circle easily. Enter a radius or diameter and get the precise area in square units.
Compute the area of a circular segment given the radius and segment height. Useful for geometry, architecture, and engineering designs.
Estimate vapor pressure at a new temperature using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Account for enthalpy of vaporization and reference conditions.
Determine the angle between the hour and minute hands for any given time on an analog clock.
Compute the altitude where clouds begin forming based on surface temperature and dew point. Useful for pilots and weather enthusiasts.
Estimate annual shoreline erosion based on wave energy, sea level rise, and sediment supply.
Determine capacitance, geometry, or dielectric properties for coaxial cables via C = 2πϵL/ln(b/a).
Compute final velocities for two-body collisions using the coefficient of restitution and conservation of momentum.
Compute the cross section for coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering using Standard Model parameters.
Evaluate foreground and background color combinations with this color contrast checker. Ensure your designs meet WCAG accessibility standards.
Create and save color palettes with this intuitive color picker and palette generator tool for developers and designers.
Determine the critical buckling load of structural columns using Euler's formula and assess a factor of safety.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers with magnitude and angle output.
Determine fiber volume fraction in a composite laminate by entering masses and densities.
Estimate the overall moisture content of your compost by weighting green and brown materials.
Compute the storable energy and average discharge power of a compressed air energy storage system using cavern volume, pressure limits and efficiency assumptions.
Determine the wavelength change of a photon after scattering from an electron using the Compton equation.
Estimate nominal and design shear strength of a reinforced concrete beam using concrete contribution Vc and shear reinforcement Vs.
Estimate nominal and design axial load capacity of a tied rectangular concrete column from section dimensions, material strengths, and reinforcement.
Estimate maturity index and compressive strength of curing concrete using the Nurse-Saul method.
Find the confidence interval around a sample mean using the standard deviation and sample size.
Compute the volume of a truncated cone using top and bottom radii and height.
Approximate solutions of symmetric positive-definite systems using the conjugate gradient algorithm.
Generate the continued fraction representation of any real number.
Compute the convex hull of a planar point set using the gift wrapping algorithm and learn why convex boundaries matter in geometry.
Compute the Pearson correlation between two sets of numbers to see how strongly they move together.
Estimate metal corrosion rates from weight loss data using a classic ASTM formula.
Estimate the age of the universe at a given redshift using a simplified matter-dominated model.
Estimate gravitational wave power and lifetime of a cosmic string loop from its tension and length.
Estimate the number of descendant universes produced via black hole creation under Smolin's cosmological natural selection hypothesis.
Determine the scale factor needed to resize armor patterns to your own measurements.
Calculate the electric force between two charged particles using Coulomb's law. Explore how charge magnitude and separation distance affect electrostatic interactions.
Compute the covariance matrix for two or three datasets and explore its meaning.
Use Cramer's rule to solve small linear systems with determinants.
Evaluate mobile crane lifting capacity by comparing load moment to rated moment and estimating outrigger reactions.
Compute win probability and house edge for common craps bets using two six-sided dice.
Assess the likelihood of unintended CRISPR edits by estimating possible off-target matches based on gRNA length and allowed mismatches.
Parse cron expressions to human-readable text with our Cron Expression Helper tool.
Compute the discrete cross-correlation between two sequences at all lags.
Estimate the probability of a dangerous crowd crush during large gatherings using density, exit capacity, and movement speed.
Estimate crowd density and assess safety for gatherings. Enter area and attendees to determine people per square meter.
Predict how much cryogenic liquid remains after a given storage time. Enter container capacity, boil-off rate, and duration to plan refills.
Create linear or radial CSS gradients with adjustable colors and angles entirely client-side.
Convert CSV files to JSON format directly in your browser. Paste comma-separated values and get structured JSON output instantly.
Solve any cubic polynomial using Cardano's method. Enter coefficients to compute real and complex roots and understand discriminant cases with detailed explanations.
Calculate the cyclotron frequency of a charged particle in a magnetic field. Useful for plasma physics and mass spectrometry.
Evaluate heat transfer through a cylindrical wall or solve for thermal conductivity, geometry, or temperature difference.
Explore the time-dependent displacement of a damped harmonic oscillator using mass, damping coefficient, and spring constant. Learn about underdamping, critical damping, and overdamping.
Estimate the Darcy friction factor for turbulent pipe flow using the Colebrook equation. Enter Reynolds number and relative roughness.
Compute friction head loss and pressure drop in a pipe using the Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Swamee-Jain friction factor.
Estimate expected detection rates for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) using detector mass, cross section and dark matter density.
Estimate annual cooling costs in your server room or data center. Enter IT load, PUE, and electricity rate to see how efficiency improvements lower bills.
Estimate the Power Usage Effectiveness of a data center by comparing total facility energy to IT equipment energy.
Add or subtract days, weeks, months, or years from any start date. Understand calendar arithmetic with formulas, tables, and detailed explanations.
Convert dates between ISO, US, European and custom formats entirely in your browser.
Enter a date to find the corresponding day of the week using Zeller's congruence.
Estimate the intrinsic value of a stock by projecting free cash flows and discounting them to present value.
Compute the de Broglie wavelength of any particle by entering its mass and velocity. Explore wave-particle duality and the quantum realm.
Estimate the Debye length for a plasma or electrolyte from temperature, charge density, and relative permittivity. Understand how electric fields are screened in ionized gases.
Explore the Debye model for solids and compute the specific heat from the Debye temperature and actual temperature.
Plan how many focused sessions you need to complete a project. Input total hours, session length, and break time.
Assess the chance that a deepfake video bypasses detection by combining algorithm accuracy, compression quality, attacker skill, and video length.
Evaluate definite integrals numerically with Simpson's rule. Enter a function and limits to approximate the area under the curve.
Estimate aircraft density altitude from elevation, temperature, and pressure. Useful for pilots planning safe takeoff performance.
Estimate the daily energy requirements and cost for desalinating seawater based on volume, salinity, and system efficiency.
Calculate the chance of rolling a desired result with multiple dice and see the expected number of successes.
Roll virtual dice with any number of sides, view totals, and explore the mathematics of randomness and probability.
Determine diffraction angles for any light wavelength and grating spacing using the interference equation d sin(θ) = m λ. Explore optics with this detailed tool.
Find the shortest path between two nodes in a small graph using Dijkstra's algorithm.
Approximate the cost per ton of CO₂ removed by a direct air capture system using energy, capital, and operating inputs.
Evaluate the probability density of a 3-parameter Dirichlet distribution.
Compute the discrete convolution of two finite sequences for signal processing and probability.
Compute the DCT-II of a numeric sequence to analyze signal frequencies.
Compute the DFT of a sequence to reveal its frequency spectrum.
Compute one-level Haar discrete wavelet transform for a numeric sequence.
Solve for distance, speed, or time by supplying the other two values.
Compute the divergence and curl of a vector field at a point.
Compute the flux of a vector field through a rectangular box and compare it with the triple integral of its divergence to illustrate Gauss's divergence theorem.
Translate a DNA or RNA sequence into amino acids using the standard genetic code.
Calculate the melting temperature of a DNA sequence using base composition and length. Useful for PCR primer design and molecular biology experiments.
Estimate sequencing coverage depth based on genome size, read length, and number of reads.
Apply anthropic reasoning to estimate an upper bound on humanity's future population using the controversial Doomsday Argument.
Approximate the chance of meeting someone who resembles you based on crowd size and the diversity of appearance traits.
Calculate the Doppler broadening of spectral lines due to thermal motion of particles.
Estimate the perceived frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving.
Approximate the value of a double integral over a rectangular region.
Determine fringe spacing and angular positions for Young's double-slit experiment from wavelength, slit separation, screen distance, and fringe order.
Compute the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag force on an object using density, velocity, drag coefficient, and cross-sectional area.
Compute optimal subsurface drainage tile spacing using soil hydraulic conductivity, drain depth, desired water table height, and drainage coefficient.
Size emitter spacing along a drip line based on plant water needs and irrigation schedule.
Find all complex roots of a polynomial using the Durand–Kerner method.
Estimate inner surface temperatures for a hypothetical Dyson sphere megastructure.
Estimate the length of buried air tubes needed to cool incoming ventilation air using ground temperature.
Convert earthquake magnitude to energy release and TNT equivalent. Learn how seismic energy scales with magnitude and why these numbers matter for hazard assessment.
Compute the date of Western Easter Sunday for any year using the Meeus/Jones/Butcher algorithm.
Compute the maximum steady brightness a star can have before radiation pushes away infalling gas.
Calculate eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a 2x2 matrix. Useful for systems analysis, vibrations, and more.
Estimate the period and smoothing strength of a cyclic ekpyrotic cosmos from brane separation, velocity, and equation of state.
Determine final velocities after a one-dimensional elastic collision between two masses.
Estimate the achievable flight range of an electric aircraft using battery capacity, cruise power, speed and reserve energy.
Compute the electric field created by an ideal electric dipole at any point, or find dipole moment, distance, or angle from the same relation.
Find torque, dipole moment, electric field, or angle for a dipole in a uniform field.
Compute the resultant electric field from up to three point charges at any point in space using Coulomb's law and vector superposition.
Determine the energy stored in an electric field or solve for field strength from energy density.
Determine the electric field, charge, radius, or axial distance for a uniformly charged ring.
Compute the electric field surrounding an infinitely long line of charge using Gauss's law.
Compute the electric field produced by an infinite sheet of charge or find surface charge density using E = sigma / (2 epsilon0).
Calculate electric potential at a point due to up to three point charges and optional potential energy of a test charge.
Determine the electric potential energy between two point charges or solve for separation distance.
Determine electrical power, voltage, current, or resistance using P = VI and Ohm's law.
Compare commuting costs between electric and gasoline scooters. Calculate weekly expenses based on mileage, energy prices, and efficiency.
Estimate the energy efficiency of an electrochemical cell using theoretical and measured voltage and current.
Solve for drift velocity, current, carrier density, charge, or cross-sectional area using v = I / (n q A).
Estimate electroosmotic flow in a nanofluidic channel using length, dimensions, voltage, zeta potential, permittivity, and viscosity.
Calculate the area and approximate perimeter of an ellipse from its axes.
Compute electromagnetic field exposure from transmitter power, distance, and frequency using far-field formulas.
Convert energy values between joules, kilojoules, calories, kilowatt-hours, BTU, and electronvolts.
Approximate the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered through enhanced rock weathering based on rock mass, composition and reaction extent.
Estimate the probability and waiting time for a spontaneous decrease in entropy using Boltzmann's fluctuation formula.
Calculate enzyme reaction velocity using the Michaelis-Menten equation with substrate concentration, Km, and Vmax.
Determine the correct amounts of resin and hardener for epoxy projects using this easy mix ratio calculator.
Estimate the equilibrium constant for a reaction from reactant and product concentrations.
Compute the speed needed to escape a planetary body's gravitational pull.
Estimate the Euler–Mascheroni constant using harmonic numbers minus log(n).
Determine your precise age or the time between two dates in years, months, and days with this exact age calculator.
Estimate hourly excavation output using bucket capacity, cycle time, job efficiency, swell factor, and material density.
Calculate the expected brightness drop of a star during a planetary transit to estimate exoplanet size.
Predict how many hours you might spend building a multi-generation family tree.
Generate the Farey sequence of a given order n.
Estimate how long it takes for a fart to clear a room based on volume, ventilation rate, and smell threshold.
Apply the Cooley-Tukey FFT to a sequence of numbers to reveal frequency components.
Compute the probability that an energy level is occupied in a solid using Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Estimate how long post-production will take by entering footage length, editing pace, and review cycles.
Estimate firearm free recoil energy from bullet weight, muzzle velocity, powder charge, and gun weight using a simple momentum model.
Calculate the heat potential of your firewood stack. Choose wood species, amount in cords, and moisture content to see total BTUs.
Compute the Fisher information matrix for estimating the mean and variance of a normal distribution.
Compute Fisher's exact test for a 2x2 contingency table. Get an exact p-value even with small sample sizes using a hypergeometric probability model.
Estimate how many floating holiday hours you have left this year and plan future days off. Enter your total allotted hours, how many you've used, and pending requests.
Estimate flood recurrence intervals and exceedance probabilities from annual peak discharge records using the Weibull formula.
Estimate the maximum allowable span of a wood floor joist based on size, spacing, species properties, and applied loading using bending and deflection checks.
Apply the continuity equation A1 v1 = A2 v2 to compute unknown fluid velocity and flow rates for incompressible streams.
Estimate dehydrator drying time and final yield for fruits, vegetables, herbs, and meats using slice thickness and temperature.
Estimate how much it costs to run a food dehydrator based on wattage, drying time, and electricity rates.
Calculate an American football passer rating using completions, attempts, yards, touchdowns, and interceptions. Learn the formula and how each statistic contributes to the final score.
Convert force units including newtons, kilonewtons, pounds-force, kilograms-force, dynes, and poundals with this force converter.
Estimate how much carbon a forest stores and sequesters annually based on area, tree density, and age. Understand your woodland's climate impact.
Estimate the likelihood that remains become fossilized using environment, burial rate, and decay factors.
Calculate the rate at which a Foucault pendulum's swing plane rotates based on latitude and explore the rich history and physics behind this classic experiment.
Estimate the fractal dimension from the number of pieces and scaling ratio.
Simplify fractions or calculate addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with this browser-based fraction calculator. Perfect for students, teachers, and anyone working with ratios.
Convert numbers between fraction, decimal, and percent formats with a single tool.
Compute time of fall and impact velocity for an object dropped from any height with optional initial velocity.
Determine how a solute lowers the freezing point of a solvent using ΔTf = i Kf m.
Calculate reflection coefficients for s- and p-polarized light when it strikes an interface between two media with different refractive indices.
Estimate the radius of the first Fresnel zone for radio links to evaluate obstruction effects.
Compute normal, static, and kinetic friction forces for an object on an incline using mass, coefficients of friction and gravity.
Compute the Frobenius norm of a matrix using squared element sums.
Compute the dimensionless Froude number for open-channel flows or ship hulls from velocity, characteristic length, and gravity.
Estimate how long it takes to thaw meat, poultry, or seafood using the refrigerator, cold water, or microwave methods based on weight.
Convert fructosamine lab results into estimated average glucose or reverse the calculation using validated formulas.
Approximate the limit of a real-valued function at a point using successive refinement of left and right evaluations.
Estimate how quickly fungal spores will germinate based on temperature and species parameters.
Calculate the plasma triple product nTτ and compare it with Lawson criterion thresholds for fusion ignition.
Evaluate probability density and cumulative probability for the gamma distribution.
Estimate one-loop gauge coupling unification scales and couplings by extrapolating Standard Model or MSSM beta functions.
Perform Gauss-Jordan elimination on a 2x2 or 3x3 system to reach reduced row-echelon form and solve for unknowns.
Solve 2x2 or 3x3 linear systems using the Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm.
Estimate how a laser beam expands with distance using the Gaussian beam propagation formula.
Apply the Gaussian elimination method to solve 2x2 or 3x3 linear systems.
Compute final pressure or temperature of a gas at constant volume using Gay-Lussac's law P/T = constant.
Calculate the percentage of guanine and cytosine bases in a DNA sequence with this GC content calculator.
Find the greatest common divisor and least common multiple of any two numbers using this handy calculator. Ideal for students, teachers, and anyone needing quick math help.
Calculate pitch line velocity of gears from diameter and rotational speed. Useful for machinery design and gear selection.
Determine the approximate carat weight of a faceted gemstone based on its dimensions, specific gravity, and a shape factor.
Average multiple DNA test percentages to create a combined ancestry profile and calculate a diversity score.
Compute probabilities for the geometric distribution and explore its properties.
Approximate required ground loop length for a ground-source heat pump.
Use enthalpy, entropy, and temperature to compute Gibbs free energy and determine whether a reaction is thermodynamically favorable.
Find the precise times for morning and evening golden hour anywhere in the world. Enter a date and location to see when soft sunlight will enhance your photos.
Estimate how quickly a rumor permeates a group using a simple contact model with transmission probability.
Apply Graham's law to relate effusion rates and molar masses of gases. Solve for any unknown rate or molar mass and learn the kinetic theory behind the formula.
Compute the chromatic number of a small graph and produce a valid coloring using backtracking.
Use our Graphing Scientific Calculator to evaluate complex expressions, plot functions, integrate equations and share interactive graphs.
Estimate gravitationally induced decoherence timescales using the Diósi–Penrose criterion for a mass superposition.
Solve for the gravitational field, ring mass, radius, or axial distance for a uniformly massive ring.
Quickly compute gravitational force between two masses with our Gravitational Force Calculator. Perfect for physics students and science enthusiasts.
Compute the relative arrival time between multiple images of a point-mass gravitational lens using the full Fermat potential.
Estimate the peak magnification and Einstein radius for a gravitational microlensing event given lens mass, distances, and impact parameter.
Find gravitational potential, mass, or distance from Newton's universal law of gravitation.
Determine the gravitational potential energy of an object based on its mass, height, and gravitational acceleration.
Calculate the gravitational redshift of light escaping from a massive object using mass and radius.
Estimate how gravity slows the passage of time near massive objects using general relativity.
Estimate the dimensionless strain amplitude of gravitational waves from a compact binary system using component masses, signal frequency, and distance.
Compute the stored energy and average discharge power of a gravity battery from lifted mass, elevation change, efficiency and release duration.
Estimate travel time, chord length, maximum depth, and peak speed for a gravity train tunnel through a uniform-density planet.
Estimate the structural load of a vegetated roof by entering area, soil depth, and material density.
Numerically verify Green's theorem for a vector field over a rectangle.
See how much it costs to heat your greenhouse by entering area, temperature difference, and energy price. Learn tips to minimize fuel expenses.
Estimate how much thermal mass you need to stabilize temperatures in a greenhouse and calculate the energy it can store.
Estimate the time required for a self-replicating nanobot swarm to consume a target mass in a hypothetical grey goo scenario.
Calculate ground sampling distance (GSD) from sensor pixel size, focal length, and flight altitude to determine aerial photo resolution.
Compute groundwater seepage velocity and contaminant travel time using Darcy's Law, hydraulic gradient, porosity, and distance.
Find the precession rate of a spinning gyroscope or solve for mass, lever arm, spin speed, or moment of inertia.
Estimate the critical radius for closed timelike curves in the Gödel universe and evaluate the matter density required for a given cosmic rotation.
Compute the Hadamard product of two matrices of the same size.
Estimate laminar volumetric flow through a circular tube using the Hagen–Poiseuille equation.
Compute Hall voltage, current, magnetic field, carrier density, or thickness from the Hall effect relation V_H = I B / (n q t).
Estimate allele frequencies and expected genotype counts to test Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Compute the harmonic mean of a sequence of positive numbers.
Compute the discrete Hartley transform of a sequence and explore its relationship to the Fourier transform.
Generate MD5 or SHA-256 hashes instantly with this browser-based hash generator. Useful for verifying downloads and creating unique fingerprints.
Compute the Hawking–Page transition temperature and black-hole mass in AdS space from the AdS curvature radius.
Calculate the number of hay bales and total tons harvested from field size, yield per acre, and bale weight.
Compute heat flow through a slab using Fourier's law; solve for rate, conductivity, area, temperature difference, or thickness.
Solve the one-dimensional heat equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Evaluate NTU, effectiveness, heat transfer rate, and outlet temperatures for parallel or counterflow heat exchangers.
Determine the heat transfer area for a simple exchanger using flow rate, heat capacity, and temperature change.
Calculate the heat index easily with our Heat Index Calculator. Combine temperature and humidity to see the true feel outside and learn safety tips for extreme heat.
Calculate heat loss through walls, windows, and other surfaces using area, U-value, and temperature difference. Learn how insulation levels affect energy efficiency.
Estimate the thermal energy required to melt a substance using its mass and specific heat of fusion. Learn how the latent heat equation applies to ice, metals, and more.
Compute the thermal energy required to vaporize a substance using its mass and specific latent heat of vaporization. Learn about evaporation, phase change thermodynamics, and real-world applications.
Estimate annual heating costs for a heat pump versus a traditional furnace. Enter your heating load, energy prices, and system efficiencies to see which option saves more.
Estimate heating energy and cost savings from installing a heat recovery ventilator.
Determine temperature rise from power dissipation and thermal resistance, or evaluate the required heat sink performance.
Calculate the gematria value of Hebrew words or phrases with this easy tool.
Explore the relationship between position and momentum uncertainty using the Heisenberg principle.
Compute the nearly uniform magnetic field at the center of a Helmholtz coil pair from coil radius, turns, and current.
Compute the resonant frequency of a cavity and neck using the Helmholtz formula. Useful for speaker enclosures and noise control.
Compute physicists' or probabilists' Hermite polynomials and learn about their properties.
Generate Hilbert matrices and estimate their condition numbers.
Estimate the Hill sphere radius around a planet given stellar mass, planetary mass, and orbital distance.
Compute the velocity changes and flight duration for a Hohmann transfer between two circular orbits. Useful for mission planning and orbital mechanics lessons.
Predict how much electricity you could save by automating lights and appliances. Enter your current usage and automation efficiency to see the potential annual reduction.
Determine how long it takes for a professional energy audit to pay for itself. Input audit cost and estimated annual savings from improvements.
Find out how much powering your home office costs each month based on wattage, usage hours, and electric rates.
Calculate spring force and potential energy from a given spring constant and displacement using Hooke's law.
Calculate how large a hot air balloon needs to be to lift a specific payload based on temperatures inside and outside the envelope.
Determine how much liquid to add to raise or lower the heat of your hot sauce. Input the current Scoville units, desired heat, volume, and the diluting liquid's heat.
Estimate how long it will take to heat your hot tub based on water volume, heater power, and starting temperature. Learn energy-saving tips for spa owners.
Build the Householder reflection matrix for a given vector and see its effect.
Calculate the distance to distant galaxies using Hubble's Law v = H0 d or redshift. Understand how cosmic expansion relates recessional velocity to distance.
Estimate wood and soil volumes for building a hugelkultur mound.
Estimate the proper duct diameter for heating and cooling systems using airflow (CFM) and duct length. Improve efficiency and reduce noise.
Estimate downstream depth and energy dissipation for a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel using upstream depth and velocity.
Compute hydraulic pump power from flow rate, pressure and efficiency. Understand energy transfer in fluid power systems.
Calculate the exact amount of nutrient concentrate needed for your hydroponic system based on reservoir size and desired strength.
Estimate how much acid or base to add to your hydroponic system to reach the desired pH.
Calculate hydrostatic pressure in water or any liquid by entering density, depth, and gravity. Learn why pressure increases with depth and how it applies to engineering, diving, and everyday science.
Evaluate probabilities for draws without replacement from a finite population.
Validate or create an International Bank Account Number (IBAN) using the official MOD97 algorithm with this client-side tool.
Estimate how long your ice cream will last before melting with our Ice Cream Melt Time Calculator. Plan picnics and parties without worrying about sticky messes.
Compute any variable of the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) using this convenient calculator. Enter values for three of the variables and quickly solve for the fourth. Useful for chemistry and physics students.
Resize pictures directly in your browser by drawing them to an HTML canvas.
Compute impulse, change in momentum, and final velocity from mass, initial velocity, force, and time using the impulse-momentum theorem.
Compute force components, friction, and acceleration for a block on an inclined plane with optional friction.
Calculate how often to water indoor plants based on pot size, temperature, humidity, and light levels.
Compute the energy stored in an inductor from its inductance and current using E=1/2LI^2.
Combine up to five inductors in series or parallel and compute the equivalent inductance and stored magnetic energy.
Compute final velocities after a one-dimensional collision using masses, initial speeds, and the coefficient of restitution.
Determine required length and drainage performance of a stormwater infiltration trench.
Evaluate the factor of safety for an infinite slope using soil cohesion, friction angle, unit weight, slope angle, and failure depth.
Compute slow-roll parameters ε, η, spectral index n_s, and tensor ratio r for monomial inflationary potentials.
Convert cooking ingredients between weight and volume using density data for common pantry items.
Compute Instagram engagement rate from likes, comments, shares, saves, and followers to benchmark content effectiveness.
Calculate the formation rate of molecules on interstellar dust grains by combining number densities, temperature and a cosmic-ray factor.
Decompose simple rational expressions and compute the inverse Laplace transform.
Convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses between decimal, hexadecimal, and binary formats.
Determine the ISO-8601 week number for any date with explanations, formulas and sample tables.
Estimate the thickness of the crustal root beneath a mountain using Airy isostasy and explore how elevation and density contrasts control isostatic balance.
Compute the Jeans escape parameter to evaluate how easily atmospheric particles escape a planet's gravity.
Find the Jordan canonical form of a 2x2 matrix.
Format and validate JSON instantly with our JSON Formatter tool. Paste your JSON and get a clean, indented version.
Convert JSON arrays to CSV format entirely in your browser. Paste your JSON and get a comma-separated file instantly.
Perform a single Kalman filter prediction and update step for a scalar state.
Find out how much weight your kayak can safely carry. Input the manufacturer rating along with paddler and gear weight to avoid overloading.
Compute Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient for paired data and explore concordant and discordant pair relationships.
Estimate your risk of kidney failure within two years using the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) with age, eGFR, and albumin-creatinine ratio inputs.
Compute kinetic energy and momentum from mass and velocity using classical mechanics.
Estimate the coefficient of relationship and kinship between two individuals by entering their generational distance to a common ancestor and the number of independent ancestral paths.
Easily convert knitting pattern gauge to match your own swatch. Enter stitches per unit and see the adjusted stitch count for any project.
Estimate Kolmogorov length, time, and velocity scales from viscosity and dissipation rate.
Compute the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic and p-value to compare empirical distributions.
Plan your kombucha fermentation by balancing temperature and time. Input room temperature and desired tartness to estimate when your brew will be ready.
Estimate travel times and exotic energy requirements for a hypothetical Krasnikov tube enabling superluminal return journeys.
Perform the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test on three or more samples and understand the ranking method behind it.
Estimate the energy and power needed to create a kugelblitz black hole from concentrated light.
Compute KL divergence, reverse KL, cross-entropy and Jensen–Shannon divergence between two discrete distributions.
Estimate positions of the collinear Lagrange points L1, L2, and L3 for any two-body system.
Calculate laminar flow rate through a cylindrical pipe using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. Determine volumetric flow based on pressure drop, pipe radius, viscosity, and length.
Estimate the Landau damping rate of electrostatic Langmuir waves in a Maxwellian plasma.
Calculate the Langelier Saturation Index from water chemistry to assess scaling or corrosion potential.
Solve the two-dimensional Laplace equation on a rectangular domain using an iterative Gauss-Seidel scheme.
Estimate the Larmor precession frequency of a charged particle in a magnetic field using charge, mass, and field strength.
Estimate the gyroradius of a charged particle moving through a magnetic field or solve for velocity, field strength, mass or charge.
Compute free spectral range and longitudinal mode frequencies for a laser cavity using its length and refractive index.
Compute the energy required for melting, vaporization, or other phase changes using Q = mL.
Find out how much it really costs to do laundry at home or the laundromat. Enter washer and dryer power, water usage, detergent cost, and electricity price to see per-load expenses.
Calculate the optimal amount of detergent for each load based on weight, soil level, water hardness and concentration.
Estimate your lean body mass using the Boer, James, and Hume equations. Compare results and understand how body composition influences fitness and health.
Determine whether a given year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar and find the surrounding leap years.
Calculate the ideal reheating time and method to revive your leftover pizza slices. No more soggy crusts with our Leftover Pizza Reheat Calculator.
Estimate how long leftovers stay safe in the fridge based on food type and storage temperature.
Convert lengths between meters, kilometers, miles, feet, inches and more with this simple length converter.
Compute the interaction energy between two neutral atoms using the Lennard-Jones potential and learn about van der Waals forces.
Calculate the focal length of a lens using the lens maker's formula based on radii of curvature and refractive index.
Evaluate focal length or curvature radii of a lens using the lensmaker's equation for thin or thick lenses.
Analyze the frequency of letters in a block of text and explore the history and mathematics of frequency analysis used in cryptography and linguistics.
Compute the mechanical advantage of a lever and the effort force required to lift a load using basic distance inputs.
Estimate the chance of stumbling upon a specific phrase within Borges' Library of Babel.
Calculate how many footcandles a space receives or how many lumens you need for proper lighting based on room size.
Estimate lime, sand, fiber, and water requirements for natural plaster projects.
Evaluate line integrals of planar vector fields along parametric curves using Simpson's rule.
Solve equations of the form ax + by = c for integers x and y using the extended Euclidean algorithm.
Solve for momentum, mass, or velocity using the classic relation p = m v.
Enter paired X and Y data to compute the slope, intercept, and R-squared of a simple linear regression.
Calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR) for farm animals. Enter starting weight, ending weight, and feed consumed to measure efficiency.
Find the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) for parallel or counterflow heat exchangers based on inlet and outlet temperatures.
Compute logarithms with any base. Enter a positive value and base to see log_b(x) calculated instantly.
Model population growth with carrying capacity using the logistic equation. Explore how growth rate, initial population, and time influence size.
Calculate the chance of receiving a rare loot drop in video games. Enter drop rate and number of attempts to see overall probability.
Generate customizable lorem ipsum filler text directly in your browser.
Determine the magnitude of the Lorentz force on a moving charge in electric and magnetic fields. Explore electromagnetic forces with charge, velocity, and field inputs.
Transform spacetime coordinates between inertial frames moving at relativistic speeds using the Lorentz transformation.
Simulate interacting predator and prey populations with the classic Lotka–Volterra equations.
Compute the probability of winning a lottery based on the numbers drawn and the size of the number pool.
Break down a 3x3 matrix into lower and upper triangular matrices for linear algebra and numerical methods.
Apply the Lucas-Lehmer test to determine whether 2^p-1 is prime.
Determine whether an upcoming lunar eclipse will be visible from your location based on altitude and time.
Estimate wait times and queue lengths in an M/M/1 system using arrival and service rates.
Compute the Mach angle formed by shock waves around supersonic objects from their Mach number.
Compute the magnetic field along the axis of a dipole given its moment and distance.
Compute energy density of a magnetic field or solve for field strength from stored energy.
Compute magnetic field at the center of a circular loop or solve for current and radius using B = μ₀ I / (2R).
Compute the magnetic field near a straight finite wire or solve for current, distance, or endpoint angles.
Calculate the magnetic field strength produced by a current-carrying long straight wire using Ampère's law.
Compute magnetic flux and flux linkage from field strength, area, orientation, and coil turns.
Compute the magnetic force per unit length or total force between two long parallel current-carrying wires.
Evaluate the force on a wire in a magnetic field or solve for current, field strength, length, or angle using F = I L B sin θ.
Determine the magnetic Reynolds number for moving conductive fluids and evaluate magnetic field diffusion.
Estimate external time and operations achievable by a computer orbiting just above a black hole horizon before a Malament–Hogarth observer crosses the horizon.
Compute the Mann–Whitney U statistic for two independent samples and approximate the p-value using the normal distribution.
Estimate recommended weight limits and lifting index using the NIOSH equation for manual material handling.
Calculate survey margin of error using sample size, population size, proportion and confidence level.
Estimate ideal marinating duration and marinade volume for various proteins and styles.
Convert weights and masses between kilograms, grams, pounds, ounces and more with this mass converter.
Convert mass to energy or energy to mass using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E=mc^2.
Compute the natural frequency, period, maximum speed, and energy of a mass-spring oscillator using Hooke's law.
Evaluate the 2-norm condition number of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix to understand numerical stability in solving systems.
Calculate the determinant of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix to understand linear transformations.
Compute the inverse of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix instantly. Ideal for linear algebra, physics, and engineering applications.
Approximate the matrix logarithm of a 2x2 matrix using eigen decomposition.
Compute the product of two matrices with adjustable dimensions and see the result instantly.
Compute a basis for the null space of a 3x3 matrix using row reduction and the rank-nullity theorem.
Find the rank of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix using row reduction.
Compute the principal square root of a 2x2 matrix.
Explore the energy balance between information erasure and work extraction in a Maxwell's demon thought experiment.
Determine the most probable, average, and root-mean-square speeds of gas molecules using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
Estimate mean arterial pressure from systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements.
Enter a list of numbers to instantly compute the mean, median, and mode. Explore central tendency with this easy calculator.
Estimate combined and expanded uncertainty from multiple sources to report reliable measurements.
Relate kinetic and potential energies to solve for speed or height using conservation of mechanical energy.
Compute mechanical power from force and velocity or solve for any variable in P = F v.
Calculate how many seconds per day your mechanical watch gains or loses by comparing actual elapsed time to a 24 hour reference.
Determine the work performed by a constant force, with optional power and resulting speed estimates, and learn how the work-energy principle describes energy transfer.
Estimate the cumulative stress reduction from maintaining a meditation streak. Enter session length and frequency to see your progress.
Compute a simple Mellin transform using numerical integration, with an overview of its applications in analysis.
Estimate fatigue life of a metal component using Basquin's equation and Miner's rule for variable amplitude loading.
Estimate how many meteors you might see during a shower based on radiant altitude, limiting magnitude, and observing time.
Compute enzyme reaction rates using the Michaelis-Menten equation. Explore how substrate concentration, Vmax, and Km affect catalytic speed.
Estimate electrical power from a microbial fuel cell using substrate concentration, flow rate, Coulombic efficiency and cell voltage.
Estimate yearly microplastic ingestion from drinking water and food sources with assumed particle mass.
Calculate the spacing between lattice planes in cubic crystals using Miller indices and lattice constants.
Generate a schedule of quick mindfulness breaks to reduce stress and boost focus. Enter your work hours, break length, and frequency.
Determine the minimal polynomial of a 2x2 matrix using eigenvalues and algebraic tests.
Construct the minimum spanning tree of a small weighted graph using Kruskal's algorithm.
Compute principal stresses and orientation using Mohr's circle from plane stress components.
Compute molality of a solution from mass of solute, molar mass, and mass of solvent. Learn how molality differs from molarity.
Determine the molar mass of a compound by entering its chemical formula. Useful for stoichiometry and laboratory preparations.
Calculate molar concentration of a solution with our Molarity Calculator. Perfect for chemistry students and lab professionals.
Compute discharge duration of a molten salt thermal energy storage system using volume, temperatures, heat capacity and plant power draw.
Compute the moment of inertia for basic shapes such as rods, disks, and spheres. Learn how mass distribution affects rotational motion.
Estimate the likelihood of mishearing song lyrics based on audio clarity, lyric complexity, listener familiarity, and background noise.
Generate a calendar for any month and year directly in your browser and learn how calendars work, from leap years to day-of-week algorithms.
Estimate your mosquito bite risk based on local density, exposure time, and personal susceptibility. Learn prevention tips to enjoy evenings outside.
Calculate the electromotive force induced in a moving conductor cutting through a magnetic field.
Calculate how long it takes to traverse magical portals using distance, portal power, and dimensional complexity. A whimsical companion for portal-hopping adventurers.
Compute probabilities for the negative binomial distribution including PMF, cumulative probability, mean and variance.
Estimate a walkability score by entering nearby amenities, transit options, and sidewalk coverage.
Determine electrode potentials using the Nernst equation. Explore how concentration and temperature affect cell voltage.
Calculate Net Promoter Score from survey responses to gauge customer loyalty and satisfaction.
Calculate theoretical firing rates of neurons based on refractory period and observation time.
Estimate two-flavor neutrino oscillation probability using baseline distance, energy, mixing angle, and mass-squared difference.
Generate an interpolation polynomial using Newton's divided differences.
Predict how an object's temperature approaches the ambient environment over time using Newton's Law of Cooling. Enter initial and surrounding temperatures, a cooling constant, and elapsed time.
Solve for force, mass, or acceleration using Newton's second law F = ma.
Compute probability density and cumulative probability for the normal distribution.
Determine downstream Mach number and property ratios across a normal shock in a perfect gas.
Estimate the binding energy of an atomic nucleus from its mass and composition. Learn how mass defect relates to stability and energy release.
Approximate the decay heat power from spent nuclear fuel after shutdown using a simple empirical formula.
Compute the Q-value of a nuclear reaction using the masses of reactants and products in atomic mass units.
Determine your numerology life path number from your birth date and explore its meaning.
Determine your estimated one-repetition maximum (1RM) using weight and repetitions to plan safe strength training workouts.
Perform a one-way analysis of variance on up to four groups and compute the F-statistic and p-value.
Adjust tempo in beats per minute and practice rhythm with a browser-based metronome.
Determine the numerical aperture of an optical fiber and estimate its acceptance angle from core and cladding indices.
Compute circular orbital speed and period from central mass and orbital radius using Newtonian gravity.
Determine resonant frequencies for open or closed organ pipes using pipe length, temperature, and harmonic count.
Estimate your garden's potential harvest by entering plot size, plant density, average yield per plant, and a soil quality factor.
Compute exit velocity and volume flow rate for a sharp-edged orifice using Torricelli's law and a discharge coefficient.
Project a vector onto a subspace spanned by up to three basis vectors using matrix formulas.
Compute osmotic pressure of dilute solutions using the van't Hoff equation. Enter molarity, temperature, and the van't Hoff factor.
Compute potential electric output from an ocean thermal energy conversion system using water temperatures, mass flow and efficiency.
Estimate the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle using compression ratio and heat capacity ratio.
Convert oven settings among Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Gas Mark for precise baking and roasting.
Compute PageRank scores for a small directed graph. Enter a 5x5 adjacency matrix and a damping factor to simulate the algorithm behind search engine rankings.
Determine whether a word, phrase, or number reads identically forward and backward with this client-side palindrome checker.
Compute the thickness of a sheet of paper after repeated folding using a simple exponential model.
Compute the moment of inertia about any axis using the parallel axis theorem I = I_cm + m d^2, solving for inertia, mass, or offset distance.
Determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor from its area, plate separation, and dielectric constant. Useful for electronics design and physics experiments.
Find the discrete energy levels of a particle in an infinite potential well using quantum mechanical principles.
Calculate approximate amounts of key Seder items based on your number of guests.
Check how strong your password is with this client-side password strength checker. Learn tips on creating secure passwords.
Compute how much water and salt to use for boiling pasta based on pasta weight and desired salinity.
Estimate how many animals a pasture can support by accounting for forage yield, utilization rate, animal intake, and grazing duration.
Calculate reagent volumes for multiple PCR reactions with this handy tool.
Estimate how long it takes to recharge a battery with a human-powered pedal generator.
Estimate the maximal energy obtainable from a rotating black hole via the Penrose process.
Estimate seasonal permafrost thaw depth from thawing degree days, soil thermal conductivity, density, and ice content.
Calculate permutations and combinations for any set size directly in your browser. Great for statistics students and anyone exploring probability.
Estimate performance decline of perovskite photovoltaic modules over time using initial efficiency, annual degradation and operational years.
Compute the power conversion efficiency of a perovskite solar cell using open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, and incident light power.
Project the remaining time until a hypothetical Big Rip singularity given an exotic equation-of-state parameter and Hubble constant.
Compute thermal energy stored in a phase change material from mass, specific heats, latent heat and temperature range.
Estimate brightness decay, half-life, and luminous energy for glow-in-the-dark coatings using exponential afterglow models.
Calculate how much disk space your photos will consume by entering the number of images and average file size. Learn tips for organizing and backing up your growing archive.
Determine the kinetic energy of photoelectrons by entering light wavelength or frequency and the material work function.
Compute photon energy from wavelength or frequency using Planck's relation. Learn how light's quantum nature connects energy to electromagnetic waves.
Calculate photon momentum, energy, or wavelength using Planck's relation.
Find the oscillation period of a physical pendulum using its moment of inertia, mass, distance to the center of mass, and gravity.
Compute the electricity produced by piezoelectric roadway modules from vehicle load, displacement, efficiency and traffic flow.
Calculate how many liters or gallons per minute flow through a round pipe. Enter diameter and velocity to see results instantly.
Calculate pixel density (PPI) from screen dimensions in pixels and diagonal size in inches. Useful for understanding display sharpness.
Estimate external bounce time and minimum radius for a hypothetical Planck star using loop quantum gravity scaling relations.
Compute fundamental Planck units such as length, time, mass, and temperature using gravitational, quantum, and relativistic constants.
Find out how old you would be on Mars, Jupiter, and other planets using our quick planetary age converter.
Discover how much you would weigh on planets like Mars, Jupiter, or Neptune. Enter your Earth weight to see the gravitational effect across the solar system.
Determine the electron plasma frequency from density to explore wave propagation in plasmas.
Estimate the fantastically long time for a finite system to return arbitrarily close to its initial state using entropy and microscopic timescales.
Compute the electric field of a point charge or solve for charge or distance using Coulomb's law.
Numerically solve the 2D Poisson equation on a unit square with zero boundary conditions.
Solve for Poisson's ratio, axial strain, or transverse strain using the elasticity relation ν = -ε_transverse/ε_axial.
Convert coordinates between polar (r, θ) and Cartesian (x, y). Useful for trigonometry, physics, and engineering.
Determine the area of any simple polygon by entering its vertex coordinates. This tool uses the shoelace formula to handle irregular shapes.
Predict how environmental stress affects polymer longevity using UV index, temperature, and humidity.
Compute the greatest common divisor of two polynomials using the Euclidean algorithm.
Solve gas relationships and work for a polytropic process using initial state, final volume, and polytropic exponent.
Interactive Pomodoro timer with customizable work and break intervals plus an extensive guide to the technique.
Project future population numbers using birth, death, and migration rates.
Test whether a 3x3 symmetric matrix is positive definite using Sylvester's criterion and detailed explanations.
Estimate the postmortem interval using body temperature and ambient conditions with a simplified cooling model.
Determine how long a potion remains potent based on container type, storage temperature, and stabilization spells. Ideal for alchemists and fantasy gamers.
Compute the magnitude of the Poynting vector from electric and magnetic fields to understand energy transport in electromagnetic waves.
Estimate immediate and time-dependent prestress losses in a concrete member to find effective prestressing force and stress.
Find the prime factors of any positive integer quickly and easily.
Generate all prime numbers up to a specified limit using the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
Compute principal components for a two-dimensional data set using eigenvalue decomposition of the covariance matrix.
Determine refractive index, prism angle, or minimum deviation using n = sin((A+δ)/2)/sin(A/2).
Calculate projectile range, time of flight, and peak height with our Projectile Motion Calculator. Perfect for physics problems and engineering tasks.
Calculate the approximate isoelectric point of a protein from counts of acidic and basic residues.
Compute the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of a 2×2 matrix using a simple SVD approach.
Determine the ideal mechanical advantage, required effort force, and rope pull for block and tackle pulley setups.
Use classic Mendelian genetics to calculate the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental alleles.
Calculate the missing side of a right triangle using the Pythagorean theorem. Enter any two sides and instantly solve for the third.
Generate primitive and non-primitive Pythagorean triples using Euclid's formula.
Estimate the running of the electromagnetic coupling α(Q) with one-loop fermion vacuum polarization contributions.
Create custom QR codes instantly with this online generator. Enter text or a URL and download a scannable code to share with others.
Compute the QR decomposition of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix using the Gram-Schmidt process.
Solve quadratic equations instantly with our Quadratic Equation Solver. Simply input your coefficients to find real or complex roots easily.
Solve quadratic inequalities ax^2 + bx + c > 0, < 0, ≥ 0, or ≤ 0 and return the solution intervals.
Estimate probability of burn-in for quantum dot displays based on usage hours, brightness, blue subpixel stress, and operating temperature.
Estimate how entangled states lose fidelity over time. Enter initial fidelity, coherence time, and elapsed time to predict current entanglement quality.
Compute quantized energy levels for a harmonic oscillator from frequency and quantum number.
Compute numerically stable, measure‑weighted survival odds across branching universes under the Many‑Worlds interpretation. Includes exact and tail probabilities, odds, bits of surprise, and sensitivity analysis.
Estimate the probability of a particle tunneling through a rectangular potential barrier using mass, energy, barrier height, and width.
Compute the transmission probability for a particle encountering a one-dimensional potential barrier using the standard rectangular barrier model.
Model the minuscule chance that our universe transitions to a lower-energy vacuum state within a specified region and time.
Estimate lifetime prolongation via the quantum Zeno effect from repeated measurements.
Perform basic quaternion arithmetic including multiplication, conjugation, and magnitude.
Estimate the effective coherence time of a qubit using relaxation and dephasing parameters. Learn why T1 and T2 matter for quantum computing.
Convert insulation R-value to U-value or vice versa to understand heat flow through walls, roofs, and windows.
Estimate the net cooling power of a radiative panel from surface temperature, sky temperature, convection and solar load.
Estimate the age of organic materials using the exponential decay of carbon‑14. Enter the remaining fraction and half-life to compute archaeological ages.
Convert Raman shift values to scattered wavelengths for spectroscopy experiments.
Compute thermal efficiency, net work output, and heat input of an ideal Rankine power cycle from state enthalpies.
Compute vapor pressures of a binary solution using Raoult's law with component mole fraction and pure-component pressures.
Apply the rational root theorem to polynomial coefficients and discover all possible rational zeros.
Estimate the diffraction-limited angular and linear resolution of an optical system using the Rayleigh criterion.
Compute the Rayleigh number to judge whether natural convection will occur based on temperature difference, fluid properties, and length scale.
Explore how light of different wavelengths scatters in air. Enter a wavelength to compare its scattering intensity relative to green light.
Compute the exponential growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability for two superposed fluids using densities, gravity, surface tension, and perturbation wavelength.
Determine capacitor voltage or discharge time for a resistor-capacitor circuit.
Compute the cutoff frequency of a simple RC low-pass filter using resistance and capacitance values.
Estimate tension development length for reinforcing bars based on bar diameter, steel yield strength, concrete strength, and coating condition.
Determine recommended spacing between reinforcing bars for concrete members based on required steel area and chosen bar diameter.
Solve linear constant-coefficient recurrences up to order three.
Solve for reduced mass or individual masses in a two-body system using μ = m1 m2 / (m1 + m2).
Find refractive index, light speed in a medium, or vacuum speed using n = c/v with detailed explanations of optical refraction.
Experiment with JavaScript regular expressions and instantly see highlighted matches.
Determine relative humidity from ambient temperature and dew point using the August-Roche-Magnus approximation.
Estimate the difference between traveler time and Earth time when commuting at relativistic speeds. Helpful for futuristic workers zipping near light speed.
Determine observed wavelength or frequency shifts for objects moving near the speed of light. Ideal for astrophysics and spectroscopy.
Compute relativistic kinetic energy for particles moving near light speed using mass and velocity.
Compute relativistic momentum or solve for rest mass and velocity using the Lorentz factor and special relativity.
Combine two velocities using Einstein's special relativity formula for collinear motion.
Estimate how much CO2 you can save by working remotely instead of commuting. Enter your commute details and home energy use to see the difference.
Estimate appropriate feeding intervals for pet reptiles using species, weight, and age.
Calculate your Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) based on age and account balance using the IRS Uniform Lifetime Table.
Predict future oil or gas production using Arps decline curve analysis.
Estimate the heat generated by a resistor or electrical load using current or voltage, resistance, and time.
Compute material resistivity from measured resistance, length, and cross-sectional area, or solve for any variable in the relation R = ρ L / A.
Compute active earth pressure on a retaining wall using wall height, soil density and friction angle.
Compute the Reynolds number for a fluid flow using density, velocity, characteristic length, and viscosity. Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Convert colors from the RGB model used on screens to the CMYK model used for printing.
Calculate an earthquake's local magnitude using amplitude and distance values.
Estimate integrals using left, right, or midpoint Riemann sums.
Convert finger measurements to US, UK and EU ring sizes using a client-side calculator with size tables.
Determine median riprap stone size and weight using the Isbash formula based on flow velocity and rock density.
Analyze the transient response of a series resistor-inductor circuit driven by a step voltage source, computing current, time constant, and stored energy.
Determine impedance, phase angle, and resonant frequency for a series RLC circuit.
Estimate annual required minimum distributions from retirement accounts using age-based life expectancy factors.
Estimate the minimum orbital distance at which a satellite can orbit a massive body without being torn apart by tidal forces.
Calculate the density of a rock sample by entering its mass and volume.
Compute the thrust produced by a rocket engine based on mass flow rate, exhaust velocity, and pressure difference.
Use the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation to compute achievable delta-v from mass ratio and exhaust velocity. Essential for orbital mechanics and mission design.
Calculate a rocket's payload mass fraction from its payload, structural mass, and propellant mass using a simple ratio.
Determine the acceleration, time, and final speed of rigid bodies rolling without slipping down an incline.
Convert numbers to Roman numerals and back with this easy Roman numeral converter. Learn how the Roman numeral system works and its history.
Split rent among roommates based on room size and amenities. Enter each room's square footage and adjust weights for fairness.
Compute the rms speed, temperature, or molar mass of a gas using v_rms = sqrt(3RT/M).
Solve constant angular acceleration problems by entering any three of angular displacement, initial and final angular velocity, acceleration, or time.
Compute the rotational kinetic energy stored in a rotating body using moment of inertia and angular velocity.
Solve τ = Iα for torque, moment of inertia, or angular acceleration in rotational dynamics.
Estimate roulette win probabilities and expected returns for common bets on American or European wheels.
Construct the Routh table for a polynomial and count sign changes to assess stability using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion.
Estimate a recommended RSA key size based on the desired security level and compute an approximate brute-force time.
Perform a single Runge-Kutta 4th order step for first-order ODEs.
Calculate wavelength, frequency, and photon energy for hydrogen-like atoms using the Rydberg equation. Explore how transitions between energy levels produce spectral lines.
Find candle lighting and Havdalah times for the Sabbath by entering your local sunset and preferred offsets.
Estimate time delay and fringe shift produced by the Sagnac effect for a rotating interferometer.
Compute the ratio of ionized to neutral atoms in a gas using the Saha equation with temperature and electron density.
Estimate electricity from mixing freshwater and seawater using osmotic pressure differences.
Convert measurements among table salt, Morton kosher, Diamond Crystal kosher, and coarse sea salt using density-based math.
Determine the number of responses needed for reliable survey or experiment results.
Estimate the allowable live load on a scaffolding bay by considering leg capacity, platform size, and plank rating.
Compute the scalar triple product A·(B×C) and the volume of the parallelepiped defined by three vectors.
Estimate the radius of a black hole's event horizon from its mass using the Schwarzschild formula.
Convert numbers to and from scientific notation.
Estimate the maximum load a mechanical screw jack can lift based on thread geometry and material strength.
Determine the mechanical advantage of a screw and the effort force needed to lift a load using its radius and thread pitch.
Calculate the density of seawater based on temperature and salinity with a simplified UNESCO equation.
Compute the approximate age of a fossil-bearing sediment layer from its depth and the local accumulation rate.
Estimate the voltage generated by a thermoelectric material given its Seebeck coefficient and the temperature difference between hot and cold junctions.
Compute the design base shear of a building using spectral acceleration, importance, and response modification factors.
Compute the travel time of seismic P or S waves given distance and wave velocity. Useful for earthquake analysis and geophysical surveys.
Estimate serum osmolality from sodium, glucose, and BUN to assess hydration status and osmolar gap.
Determine how much fabric you need for a sewing pattern. Input piece dimensions, fabric width, and seam allowances to calculate yardage.
Compute the shear stress and angle of twist in a solid circular shaft subjected to torque using polar moment of inertia and shear modulus.
Compute ultimate and allowable soil bearing pressures for shallow foundations using the Terzaghi bearing capacity equations for general shear failure.
Compute Shannon entropy from probability values to quantify uncertainty in data.
Determine the desk density of a shared office space and see if it meets your comfort standards. Enter total square footage, desk count, and your preferred square footage per desk.
Determine a material's shear modulus from measured shear stress and strain, with background on deformation and rigidity.
Calculate total pay including shift differential for evening, night, or weekend work.
Estimate thrust, acceleration, and travel time for moving a star using a Shkadov thruster.
Estimate how much water you use in the shower and learn tips to conserve. Enter flow rate, shower time, and water cost.
Compute signal-to-noise ratio in linear units or decibels. Understand how noise affects communications, audio fidelity, and scientific measurements.
Round numbers to a chosen number of significant figures and count the significant digits present.
Compute the volume and weight of a silage pile or bunker from its dimensions, density, and moisture content to plan feed inventories.
Calculate the oscillation period of a simple pendulum using length and gravitational acceleration. Learn how T = 2π√(L/g) governs swing timing.
Model the risk that a simulated universe is reset after anomalous events.
Compute the singular value decomposition of a 2x2 matrix. Find U, Σ, and V^T matrices and explore detailed explanations of the SVD process.
Simulate disease spread with the classic SIR differential equations and explore reproduction numbers.
Estimate how long your skateboard deck will last based on riding hours, trick intensity, deck quality, and rider weight.
Estimate electromagnetic skin depth in conductors from frequency, resistivity, and permeability.
Calculate potential savings from installing a smart thermostat. Enter your monthly energy cost, expected efficiency improvement, and months of use.
Estimate roof snow load to determine whether your structure can safely handle heavy snowfall.
Estimate the water contained in a snowpack by combining snow depth and density.
Determine how much lye and water to use for your homemade soap. Adjust for superfat percentage and oil weight to create reliable recipes.
Calculate the likelihood of finding a matching pair in your sock drawer. Our Sock Matching Probability Calculator turns laundry day into a fun statistics experiment.
Estimate how many features or lines of code your development team can deliver each release cycle using team size and productivity metrics.
Use the Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate annual soil loss and evaluate conservation practices.
Estimate the battery capacity needed for solar systems by entering daily usage, voltage, depth of discharge, and days of autonomy.
Find out how many years it will take for a solar battery system to pay for itself based on incentives, annual savings, and how those savings change over time.
Evaluate the long-term costs of leasing, buying, or signing a power purchase agreement for a home solar system. Input system size, pricing, and energy assumptions to see which route saves more.
Calculate the optimal tilt angle for your solar panels based on latitude and date to maximize energy capture.
Estimate the photon-driven acceleration of a solar sail spacecraft and the time required to reach a target velocity.
Compute the magnetic field inside a solenoid from the number of turns, current, length, and core permeability. Learn how coils generate magnetic fields with the solenoid equation.
Compute the solubility product constant or molar solubility for sparingly soluble salts using stoichiometric coefficients.
Use this solution dilution calculator to find how much stock solution and solvent you need for a target concentration. Perfect for chemistry and biology labs.
Compute the absorption coefficient of a material based on incident and reflected sound intensities and surface area.
Convert between sound intensity and decibel level or solve for reference intensity.
Sum multiple sound levels by converting decibels to intensity and back.
Estimate bulk fermentation or proofing time for sourdough based on ambient temperature and starter percentage using a Q10-based model.
Calculate the probability of a satellite colliding with orbital debris based on area, altitude, velocity, and mission duration.
Estimate casualty probability from uncontrolled space debris reentry using object mass, survival fraction, footprint width, and population density.
Compute the base tension and stress for a hypothetical space elevator cable using length, mass density and cross-section.
Estimate delivered ground power from a space-based solar array using panel area, conversion efficiencies, and transmission losses.
Estimate the one-way radio signal time between Earth and a spacecraft based on distance.
Estimate the change in velocity achievable by a spacecraft using the rocket equation. Understand how mass and specific impulse determine mission profiles.
Compute the Spearman rank correlation coefficient for paired data. Convert values to ranks and measure the strength of monotonic relationships.
Determine the specific gravity of a substance or solve for its density relative to water using SG = rho_object / rho_reference.
Determine how much heat energy is required or released when a substance changes temperature. Enter mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change to compute Q=mcΔT.
Compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric 2x2 matrix and display its spectral decomposition.
Estimate the spectral radius of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix using the power method.
Convert speeds between meters per second, kilometers per hour, miles per hour, feet per second and knots.
Calculate the speed of sound in an ideal gas from temperature, molar mass, and heat capacity ratio.
Compute travel speed, distance, or time by entering any two values. Supports multiple units for quick trip planning and physics problems.
Solve for capacitance, inner or outer radius, or dielectric constant of a spherical capacitor using C = 4π ε₀ εᵣ ab/(b−a).
Determine image distance and magnification for concave or convex mirrors using the classic mirror equation.
Calculate when your spices expire based on type and purchase date, and get tips for storing them longer.
Calibrate boom sprayers by calculating gallons per acre from nozzle flow, travel speed, and spacing. Estimate total spray volume for any field size with on-device math.
Find the elastic potential energy, spring constant, or displacement for a Hooke's law spring.
Calculate the total electricity consumption for stage lights by entering fixture counts, wattage, and hours of use.
Determine how many plants you need to sustain breathable air on your interstellar voyage. This whimsical calculator explores life-support gardening for sci-fi enthusiasts.
Convert your daily step count into estimated distance and calories burned using stride length and body weight.
Estimate the terminal settling velocity of small spherical particles in viscous fluids using Stokes' law.
Explore Stokes theorem on the unit disk with a custom vector field. Compute the line integral around the boundary and the surface integral of the curl.
Estimate the diffusion coefficient of small particles in a fluid using the Stokes-Einstein equation.
Determine required diameter and velocity for full-flow storm sewer pipes using the Manning equation and slope inputs.
Estimate possible storm surge heights during hurricanes by selecting storm category, tide level, and coastal slope.
Compute the discharge of a stream or river from its cross-sectional area and flow velocity.
Find out how much CO2 streaming your favorite shows produces. Enter video quality, hours watched, and device efficiency.
Compute fundamental and harmonic frequencies for a stretched string given its length, tension, and linear density.
Determine wave speed on a stretched string and its fundamental frequency from tension, linear mass density, and length.
Evaluate the quantum nonlinearity parameter χ for an electron interacting with an intense laser field.
Calculate the present lump-sum value of your structured settlement or annuity payments instantly. Find out how much your future payments are really worth today.
Compute PDF, CDF, survival probability, mean, variance, and quantiles for Student's t distribution with any degrees of freedom.
Solve Sudoku puzzles instantly in your browser using a backtracking algorithm.
Adjust sugar syrup target temperatures for altitude and learn about candy stages.
Estimate sunrise and sunset times for any location on a specific date.
Estimate electric output from a supercritical CO2 enhanced geothermal system using mass flow rate, reservoir temperatures and conversion efficiency.
Find the area of a superellipse described by |x/a|^n + |y/b|^n = 1.
Determine the gravitational acceleration on any planet or moon using its mass and radius. Explore how surface gravity shapes planetary environments.
Compute the surface area formed when y = f(x) is revolved about the x-axis on an interval. Includes step-by-step explanations of the calculus behind the method of rotation.
Solve Young-Laplace relation for pressure difference, surface tension, or bubble radius.
Solve constant-acceleration motion problems by entering any three of displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, or time. The calculator applies the classic SUVAT equations and explains their derivation.
Compute the singular value decomposition of a 2x2 matrix to understand matrix structure.
Convert between sugar, honey, maple syrup, agave nectar, coconut sugar, and stevia using density and sweetness ratios for precise recipe substitutions.
Check whether a symmetric matrix is positive or negative definite using leading principal minors.
Estimate energy loss per turn and radiated power for electrons in a synchrotron using beam energy, bending radius, and current.
Explore how faster-than-light tachyon signals could create causality violations by computing arrival times in different frames.
Solve for tangential speed, angular velocity, or radius using v = ωr.
Evaluate total costs of tankless and traditional tank water heaters by factoring installation and energy usage over time.
Generate the Taylor series of a mathematical function around a point to any order.
Calculate your Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) with this straightforward calculator. Determine how many calories you need each day based on your activity level.
Determine the optimal teleprompter scroll speed by entering script word count and desired speaking time.
Calculate the diffraction-limited angular resolution of a telescope using wavelength and aperture diameter. Learn how aperture size influences your ability to separate close celestial objects.
Estimate telescope magnification and true field of view from focal lengths and eyepiece specifications.
Convert temperatures instantly between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin with this easy temperature converter.
Evaluate term life versus whole life insurance by comparing premiums, cash value growth, and investing the difference.
Compute the terminal velocity of an object falling through a fluid using mass, drag coefficient, cross-sectional area, and fluid density.
Change text between uppercase, lowercase, title case, camelCase, and more with this offline Text Case Converter. Useful for developers and writers alike.
Compare two blocks of text and highlight insertions and deletions with this offline text diff tool.
Evaluate positive and negative tone in text using a simple word list approach.
Convert written text to spoken audio directly in your browser. Adjust voice, rate, pitch, and volume and explore the science of speech synthesis.
Estimate maximum seating for a venue by entering rows, seats per row, and blocked areas. Learn how spacing and safety codes affect your theater's capacity.
Evaluate indoor comfort by calculating predicted mean vote (PMV) and percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) using temperature, humidity, clothing, and activity levels.
Compute linear expansion for metals, plastics, and building materials. Enter length, temperature change, and coefficient to see how much a component expands.
Estimate the RMS thermal noise voltage generated by a resistor at a given temperature and bandwidth.
Compute thermal stress, Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, or temperature change.
Determine temperature from an NTC thermistor using the Beta parameter equation.
Convert thermocouple voltage to temperature for common types using standard polynomials. Includes reference junction compensation.
Convert temperature differences into usable electricity by estimating the power of a thermoelectric generator from hot and cold side temperatures, Seebeck coefficient and module resistance.
Determine the thickness required for constructive or destructive thin-film interference at a given wavelength and refractive index.
Determine focal length, object distance, or image distance using the thin lens equation 1/f = 1/do + 1/di.
Calculate the potential power generated by tidal currents using area, flow velocity, and turbine efficiency.
Estimate tidal heating power generated inside a moon or exoplanet due to orbital eccentricity and gravitational interactions.
Estimate how long it takes a moon or planet to tidally lock to its primary.
Determine the number of photos needed for a time-lapse project and see the final video duration.
Estimate how many solar panels and how much battery storage a tiny home requires. Enter daily energy use, panel wattage, sun hours, and efficiency.
Quickly figure out the right tip amount and split the bill with friends. Enter the bill total, tip percentage, and number of people to see how much each person owes.
Explore whether a rotating dense cylinder could create closed timelike curves by estimating mass, surface velocity, and a chronology violation parameter.
Compute a topological ordering of a directed acyclic graph using Kahn's algorithm.
Determine magnetic field strength, number of turns, current, or radius for a toroidal coil using B = μ0 N I / (2π r).
Compute torque from force, lever arm length and angle using the cross product definition.
Estimate the slip percentage in an automotive torque converter to evaluate performance.
Determine the torque and magnetic moment of a current loop placed in an external magnetic field.
Estimate the time required for a tank to drain through a small orifice using Torricelli's law, accounting for fluid heights and areas.
Calculate the oscillation period of a torsional pendulum using its moment of inertia and torsion constant.
Compute the volume and surface area of a torus from its major and minor radii. Useful for 3D modeling and mechanical design.
Estimate how traffic noise diminishes with distance using the inverse square law and ground absorption.
Estimate negative energy requirements for a simple Morris–Thorne wormhole.
Estimate how much carbon dioxide a tree sequesters each year using trunk diameter, species group, and growth rates.
Compute PDF, CDF, mean and variance for a triangular distribution using minimum, mode and maximum.
Calculate Carlson's Trophic State Index from Secchi depth, chlorophyll-a, and total phosphorus measurements to classify lake productivity.
Determine the panel point load on a simple roof truss by entering the total load and number of panels. Learn how engineers balance forces using this basic method.
Generate a full truth table for any propositional logic expression using AND, OR, NOT and XOR operators.
Compute the net thrust and thrust specific fuel consumption of a turbofan engine from airflow and fuel parameters with this interactive tool.
Estimate underwater acoustic transmission loss using range, frequency, and spreading geometry. Includes absorption via the Thorp formula.
Estimate weekly unemployment insurance benefits using wage history, replacement rate, and maximum limits.
Look up Unicode code points, view decimal, hexadecimal and binary representations, and explore character categories.
Explore speculative propulsion by estimating Unruh radiation temperature, power, and thrust for an accelerating spacecraft.
Estimate potential temperature reductions by adding tree canopy and reflective surfaces to urban areas.
Estimate annual vegetable yield from a rooftop garden by entering usable area, planting density, and number of harvests.
Analyze a URL into protocol, host, path, and query parameters entirely in your browser.
Transform any phrase into a lowercase, hyphenated slug suitable for URLs.
Estimate how long to expose a surface to a UV-C lamp to reach a target germicidal dose based on lamp power, distance, and desired dose.
Estimate the pressure of a real gas using the Van der Waals equation with adjustable constants a and b. Compare non-ideal behavior to the ideal gas law.
Calculate the cross product of two vectors and learn how this fundamental operation is used in physics and engineering for torque, rotation, and area calculations.
Compute the dot product and angle between two 3D vectors.
Calculate velocity and pressure changes in a Venturi tube using inlet area, throat area, fluid density, and inlet velocity.
Project yearly crop yield and electricity usage for a vertical farm by entering grow area, levels, crop productivity, and lighting parameters.
Estimate how many virus copies accumulate mutations across generations given a replication factor and mutation rate.
Predict the approximate reach of an ash cloud using plume height, wind speed, and particle size.
Estimate a safe evacuation radius around a volcano based on the Volcanic Explosivity Index and population density.
Calculate voltage drop across electrical conductors to size wiring correctly and avoid energy loss.
Estimate generations, probe counts, and total time for self-replicating probes to spread across a galaxy.
Estimate the frequency of vortex shedding behind a cylinder or other bluff body using flow velocity, object size, and the Strouhal number.
Compute the Walsh-Hadamard transform of a sequence using a fast butterfly algorithm.
Estimate the comoving free-streaming horizon and corresponding mass scale for warm dark matter particles.
Estimate the transient pressure spike caused by sudden changes in flow using the Joukowsky equation.
Determine the ideal water heater size for your household using the number of occupants and bathrooms. Learn how capacity and first-hour rating affect performance.
Solve the one-dimensional wave equation with fixed ends using a finite difference method.
Compute the cutoff frequency of rectangular waveguides from dimensions and mode indices using classic microwave formulas.
Convert wavelength to frequency or vice versa for any wave speed.
Compute the Weber number to judge droplet deformation and breakup using fluid density, velocity, characteristic length, and surface tension.
Determine the ideal mechanical advantage of a wedge and the effort force needed to drive it under a load using its geometry.
Compute probability density and cumulative values of the Weibull distribution.
Convert weights between kilograms, pounds, ounces, grams, tons and more with this weight converter.
Compute a weighted average easily. Enter up to three values with their weights to see the weighted mean.
Perform weighted linear regression to find the slope and intercept that minimize weighted squared error.
Compute a weighted moving average of a numeric series for forecasting and trend analysis.
Determine appropriate weld preheat temperature using carbon equivalent and thickness.
Compute the required fillet weld size based on applied load, weld length, and allowable stress.
Estimate the heat input of your welds using voltage, current, and travel speed.
Compute the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle system and the effort force needed at the rim to raise or lower a load on the axle.
Model sound travel around circular whispering galleries by arc length, travel time, and attenuation.
Estimate WiFi coverage based on router power, frequency, and obstacles. Learn how placement and materials affect wireless signal strength.
Use our Wind Chill Calculator to discover how cold it really feels outside. Enter air temperature and wind speed to get the perceived temperature and learn safety tips for extreme cold.
Calculate the capacity factor of a wind turbine using rotor size, wind speed, efficiency and rated power.
Calculate the blade tip speed and tip speed ratio of a wind turbine to help evaluate aerodynamic performance.
See how upgrading windows reduces heating costs by calculating heat loss differences.
Estimate the fermentation duration for red or white wine based on temperature and starting sugar levels.
Compute the aspect ratio of a wing from span and area to explore stability and efficiency in aerodynamics.
Calculate the safe current capacity of electrical wire based on gauge size, material, insulation rating, ambient temperature, and bundling.
Quickly count words, characters, and lines in your text with this lightweight word counter. Perfect for writers, students, and developers needing an offline tool.
Compute work, force, displacement, or angle for constant-force problems using W = F d cosθ. Includes a detailed explanation of the work concept and practical examples.
Estimate how much CO2 you save by working from home compared to commuting, including home electricity use.
Transform YAML documents to JSON on the fly with this offline converter. Paste YAML and instantly get a JSON representation.
Determine Young's modulus from applied force, cross-sectional area, and elongation. Explore the relationship between stress and strain.
Estimate the wavelength shift of atomic spectral lines in a magnetic field using the Zeeman effect. Explore atomic physics and spectroscopy.