Environment Calculators

We are working on building a calculator for every computation life throws at you - from the serious to the whimsical.

Acid Rain Neutralization Calculator - Estimate Limestone Needed

Compute the mass of crushed limestone required to neutralize an acidic lake and raise its pH.

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AI Training Carbon Footprint Calculator - Measure GPU Emissions

Estimate the carbon emissions produced by training machine learning models. Input GPU hours, power usage, and local electricity carbon intensity.

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Air Changes per Hour (ACH) Calculator

Compute air changes per hour and required ventilation flow for interior spaces based on room volume and airflow.

Air Fryer vs Oven Energy Calculator - Cook Efficiently

Estimate the electricity cost difference between using an air fryer and a conventional oven.

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Air Purifier Room Size Calculator - Find the Right CADR Rating

Determine the recommended Clean Air Delivery Rate for your space. Enter room dimensions and desired air changes to pick the best air purifier.

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Air Quality Index Calculator - Understand Pollution Levels

Estimate AQI from PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Learn how air quality is classified and why it matters for health and outdoor activities.

Airline Contrail Climate Impact Calculator

Estimate the warming impact of aircraft contrails from flight distance, fuel burn, and forcing index.

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Algae Biofuel Yield Calculator - Project Lipid Output and CO₂ Uptake

Estimate biodiesel production and carbon dioxide fixation from a microalgae cultivation system.

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Aquaculture Biofilter Surface Area Calculator

Estimate the biofilter area needed for a recirculating aquaculture system using feed rate and nitrification capacity.

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Aquaponics System Calculator - Balance Fish and Grow Beds

Design a thriving aquaponics setup by matching fish tank volume with grow bed size and pump flow. Learn how to maintain a healthy ecosystem.

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Aquarium CO2 Injection Calculator - Balance Your Planted Tank

Calculate the CO2 injection rate for your aquarium by entering tank volume, current CO2 level, and target concentration. Discover tips for healthy plants and fish.

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Aquarium Light Duration Calculator - Set Perfect Photoperiods

Determine ideal aquarium lighting hours based on tank type and natural daylight. Learn how proper schedules promote healthy fish and plants.

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Aquarium Salinity Adjustment Calculator - Balance Your Tank

Determine how much water to add or remove to reach the ideal salinity for your marine aquarium.

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Aquarium Stocking Calculator - Plan Your Fish Tank Bioload

Estimate the number of fish that can comfortably live in your aquarium. Enter tank volume and average fish size to get a starting recommendation, along with tips for proper filtration and maintenance.

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Aquarium Water Change Schedule Calculator - Keep Fish Healthy

Estimate how often and how much water to change in your aquarium based on tank size, waste load, and filtration.

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Aquifer Depletion Timeline Calculator

Project when a groundwater aquifer may run dry using recharge, extraction, growth, and climate trends.

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Astrophotography Exposure Time Calculator - Apply the 500 Rule

Determine the maximum exposure time before star trails appear using focal length and sensor crop factor.

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Atmospheric River Flood Risk Calculator

Estimate flood probability from atmospheric river events using integrated vapor transport, duration, soil saturation, and watershed area.

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Attic Insulation Calculator - Estimate Bag Counts and Cost

Determine insulation thickness, volume, and bag counts for your attic based on area, desired R-value, and material type.

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Beekeeping Hive Population Calculator - Estimate Colony Size

Estimate the number of bees in your hive by entering frame count and bees per frame. Learn how colony population affects management and honey production.

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Biodegradable Packaging Cost Premium Calculator - Plan Eco-Friendly Switch

Compare your current packaging expenses with biodegradable alternatives and see the cost premium per unit.

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Biodegradable Plastic Landfill Decomposition Calculator

Estimate decomposition time for biodegradable plastics under landfill conditions.

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Board Foot Log Volume Calculator - Estimate Lumber Yield

Compute the board foot volume of a tree log using Smalian's formula. Enter log diameters and length to estimate usable lumber.

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Butter to Oil Converter - Swap Butter and Oil in Recipes

Convert butter amounts to equivalent oil and water or reverse the process for accurate baking substitutions.

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Caesar Cipher Encoder/Decoder

Encode or decode messages using the classic Caesar substitution cipher.

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Car Battery Replacement Predictor

Estimate when your car battery will likely need replacement using age, climate, and mileage.

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Carpool Savings Calculator - Cut Commuting Costs Together

Estimate how much you can save by carpooling to work or school. Enter distance, fuel efficiency, gas price, tolls, parking, and number of carpoolers to see the savings.

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Chlorine Contact Time Calculator

Estimate disinfection effectiveness by multiplying chlorine concentration and contact time and comparing to regulatory CT requirements.

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Classroom CO₂ Ventilation Calculator - Indoor Air Quality Estimator

Estimate steady-state CO₂ concentration and time to reach a threshold in a classroom based on ventilation and occupancy.

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Climate-Resilient Garden Planner - Choose the Right Plants for Changing Conditions

Design a garden that thrives amid shifting weather patterns. Estimate your climate resilience score based on zone, rainfall, and temperature.

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Coffee Brew Ratio Calculator - Perfect Pour Over Every Time

Determine the ideal amount of water for your ground coffee using customizable brew ratios to craft pour over or drip coffee.

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Cold Brew Coffee Ratio Calculator - Perfect Concentrate Every Time

Determine the ideal coffee-to-water ratio for flavorful cold brew. Adjust batch size and dilution to craft smooth, delicious cold brew concentrate.

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Commute Carbon Footprint Calculator - Measure Your Daily Emissions

Estimate the carbon emissions from your daily commute. Enter travel distance, vehicle emission rate, work days, and weeks per year.

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Compost Bin Turning Schedule Calculator - Optimize Aeration

Determine how often to turn your compost based on pile temperature, moisture, and volume. Maintain balanced decomposition with this planning tool.

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Compost C:N Ratio Calculator - Balance Greens and Browns for Perfect Compost

Find the ideal carbon to nitrogen ratio for your compost pile. Input amounts of green and brown materials to get instant feedback on how to reach the recommended 30:1 ratio.

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Compost Hot Tub Heat Calculator - Bio-thermal Bath Planner

Estimate microbial heat from compost piles and predict how long they can warm a water-filled tub.

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Compost ROI Calculator - Value Your Organic Waste

Calculate the return on investment of a home composting setup by comparing avoided waste costs and fertilizer value.

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Composting Time Estimator - Predict When Your Pile Will Be Ready

Estimate how long it takes for kitchen scraps and yard waste to turn into usable compost. Enter pile size, temperature and moisture to forecast decomposition time.

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Concrete Mix Design Calculator - Proportioning Materials

Estimate water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate quantities for a concrete batch based on desired strength and slump using a simplified mix design method.

Coral Bleaching Degree Heating Weeks Calculator - Estimate Thermal Stress

Determine accumulated thermal stress on coral reefs by summing weekly sea surface temperature anomalies over a selected period.

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CO₂ Radiative Forcing Calculator - Climate Impact from Concentration Changes

Calculate radiative forcing and approximate temperature change from variations in atmospheric CO₂ concentration using a logarithmic formula.

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Critical Mineral Supply Chain Disruption Risk Calculator

Gauge the probability of supply chain disruption for critical minerals using supplier concentration, geopolitical risk, demand growth, recycling, and substitution.

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Crop Yield Forecast Calculator - Estimate Harvest Output

Predict total crop yield based on acreage, expected production per acre, and anticipated losses.

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Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Calculator - Estimate Your Customer's Worth

Instantly calculate Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) to better understand your customer's worth and optimize your marketing strategies. Perfect for ecommerce, SaaS, and subscription businesses.

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Daylight Factor Calculator - Evaluate Indoor Natural Light

Calculate the daylight factor for a room using outdoor and indoor light measurements or window parameters.

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Daylight Hours Calculator - Solar Geometry

Estimate the number of daylight hours for any latitude and day of year and explore how Earth's tilt creates seasonal changes in insolation.

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Deep Sea Mining Sediment Plume Calculator

Estimate sediment plume spread from deep sea mining operations using release rate, particle settling velocity, current speed and depth.

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Diaper Landfill Impact Calculator

Estimate annual diaper waste mass, volume, and long-term persistence in landfills.

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Disposable Mask Waste Impact Calculator - Quantify Annual Plastic Pollution

Estimate the mass and volume of waste generated by daily use of disposable masks and compare it to familiar plastic items.

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Dissolved Oxygen Sag Calculator - Streeter–Phelps Equation

Estimate downstream dissolved oxygen using the Streeter–Phelps model with deoxygenation and reaeration rates.

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E-Waste Recycling Profit Calculator - Estimate Returns on Discarded Electronics

Calculate potential profits from recycling electronic waste. Enter collection weight, revenue per kilogram, processing cost, and overhead to see net earnings.

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Eco-Friendly Funeral Cost Estimator - Compare Green Options

Estimate the costs of a green burial or eco-friendly funeral service compared to a conventional ceremony.

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Electric vs Gas Car Emissions Calculator

Estimate annual carbon dioxide emissions for electric and gasoline cars and find when one is cleaner.

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ENSO Index Calculator - Track El Niño and La Niña Conditions

Compute the Oceanic Niño Index from three months of sea surface temperature anomalies to classify ENSO events.

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EV Battery Degradation Calculator - Estimate Capacity Loss Over Time

Estimate how an electric vehicle battery's capacity declines with age, mileage, charge cycles, and climate. Plan future range by understanding degradation.

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EV Battery Recycling ROI Calculator - Recover Value from Packs

Determine the financial return from recycling electric vehicle batteries. Enter pack weight, recycling cost, recovered material value, and handling expenses to estimate profit and ROI.

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Evapotranspiration Irrigation Calculator - Estimate Plant Water Needs

Calculate daily irrigation volume based on reference evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, and area.

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Express Shipping Carbon Footprint Calculator

Compare greenhouse gas emissions for express air shipping versus ground delivery.

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Exterior Repaint Interval Planner - Preserve Curb Appeal

Determine how often to repaint your home's exterior based on siding material, climate, and sun exposure. Plan your next paint job with this easy calculator.

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Fertilizer Application Calculator - Optimize Nutrient Use

Calculate how much fertilizer you need based on area size, desired nutrient rate, and fertilizer grade.

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Filament Extruder Torque Calculator

Estimate the drive torque needed for a DIY filament extruder based on barrel diameter, extrusion pressure and drivetrain efficiency.

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Firefly Illumination Pathway Calculator - Bioluminescent Lighting Planner

Determine the number of fireflies or other bioluminescent organisms needed to light a walkway at a desired lux level.

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Firewood Seasoning Time Estimator

Approximate how long logs need to season before burning based on species, moisture and climate.

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Fishery Quota Calculator - Sustainable Catch Limits

Estimate a sustainable catch limit based on biomass, growth rate, and exploitation percentage.

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Flight Carbon Footprint Calculator - Measure Your Air Travel Impact

Estimate carbon emissions from a flight using origin and destination coordinates.

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Fog Harp Water Harvest Calculator - Vertical Wire Collector Yield

Estimate daily water collection from a fog harp given fog liquid water content, wind speed, collector area, and efficiency.

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Fog Visibility Distance Calculator - Estimate Sight Range in Reduced Visibility

Determine how far you can see in foggy conditions using relative humidity and light extinction. Based on Koschmieder's law.

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Furnace Size Calculator - Estimate Home Heating Requirements

Estimate the ideal furnace size for your home using square footage, climate zone, insulation quality, and efficiency to compute BTU needs.

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Garden Planting Calendar Calculator - Plan Your Vegetables

Find the best dates to start seeds and transplant your favorite vegetables based on your local frost date.

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Garden Pollinator Attractiveness Score Calculator

Evaluate how appealing your garden is to bees and butterflies using bloom variety, flower density, and habitat space.

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Gaussian Plume Dispersion Calculator - Estimate Downwind Air Pollution

Predict ground-level concentrations from a continuous point source using a simplified Gaussian plume model.

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Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Volume Calculator

Estimate potential flood volume from a glacial lake breach using area, depth, and breach geometry.

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Glacial Mass Balance Calculator - Assess Ice Gain or Loss

Estimate annual mass balance of a glacier using accumulation, ablation, area and time.

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Glacier Meltwater Volume Calculator - Estimate Runoff

Compute approximate meltwater volume generated by a glacier using area and melt depth.

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GPS Coordinate Converter - Decimal Degrees and DMS

Convert between decimal degrees and degrees-minutes-seconds for latitude and longitude. Learn how geographic coordinates work.

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Grain Moisture Adjustment Calculator - Standardize Yield

Convert wet grain weights to a standard moisture basis and calculate shrink losses.

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Graywater Recycling Payback Calculator - See When Your System Pays Off

Calculate the payback period for a home graywater recycling system based on installation cost, water savings, and usage.

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Green Event Waste Audit Calculator

Estimate waste diversion and leftover trash for eco-conscious events.

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Green Roof Rain Retention Calculator - Estimate Captured Stormwater

Calculate how much rainfall your green roof can absorb and retain based on roof area, soil depth, and rainfall amount.

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Green Roof Stormwater Retention Calculator

Estimate the volume of rainfall a vegetated roof can retain and the probability of overflow during a storm.

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Greenhouse Gas CO₂e Calculator - Emission Equivalency

Convert masses of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into total CO2 equivalent using 100-year global warming potentials and learn why equivalency metrics matter.

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Greywater Recycling Savings Calculator

Estimate annual water savings and payback period for residential greywater reuse systems.

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Growing Degree Day Calculator - Track Crop Heat Units

Calculate cumulative growing degree days from daily temperature data and a base temperature to plan crop development.

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Heat Pump Operating Cost Estimator - Plan Seasonal Energy Bills

Calculate the cost of running an electric heat pump based on energy usage, electricity rates, and heating hours.

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Hiking Water Requirement Calculator - Stay Hydrated on the Trail

Estimate how much water to carry on a hike based on duration, temperature, and exertion.

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Home Garden vs Store Produce Cost Calculator

Compare the cost per pound of homegrown vegetables to store-bought produce by accounting for seeds, equipment, water, and yield.

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Home Microgrid Payback Calculator - Plan Off-Grid Savings

Estimate the years required for a home microgrid system to pay for itself. Enter installation costs, battery storage, and annual energy savings.

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Honey Moisture Content Calculator - Check Harvest Readiness

Estimate the moisture percentage in honey using a refractometer Brix reading so you know when frames are ready to harvest.

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Horton Infiltration Rate Calculator - Soil Water Entry

Compute soil infiltration capacity and cumulative infiltration over time using Horton's equation.

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Household Food Waste Cost Calculator - Annual Expense and Emissions

Estimate the financial and environmental impact of food discarded at home using waste mass, cost, and emissions factors.

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Household Waste Diversion Calculator - Measure Recycling Impact

Estimate how much of your household waste you divert from the landfill through recycling and composting.

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Houseplant Light Requirement Calculator - Find the Perfect Spot

Determine how much light your indoor plants need. Enter plant type and window direction to see recommended placement and care tips.

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HTML Entity Encoder & Decoder

Convert text to HTML entities and decode entities back to characters.

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Hydrogen Electrolysis Calculator

Estimate hydrogen production, volume, and energy use for water electrolysis based on current, voltage, time, and efficiency.

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Image <→ Base64 Converter - Encode and Decode Images

Convert images to Base64 strings or decode Base64 back into images entirely within your browser.

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Indoor Air Quality Score Calculator - Measure Your Home's Freshness

Calculate a score that reflects indoor air quality based on CO2 levels, humidity, and VOC concentration.

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Indoor CO2 Buildup Calculator - Estimate Ventilation Needs

Predict indoor carbon dioxide concentration based on room size, occupancy, and air changes per hour.

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Indoor Plant CO2 Absorption Calculator - Estimate Air Purification Impact

Estimate how much carbon dioxide indoor plants remove from a room based on plant count, species absorption rate and room size.

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Injury Recovery Timeline Calculator - Plan Your Healing Process

Estimate the recovery time for common injuries by combining severity, age, and rest quality.

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Intermittent Fasting Planner - Schedule Your Eating Windows

Design a personalized intermittent fasting schedule with preset methods and a copyable timetable. Consult a professional if you have diabetes.

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Irrigation Water Requirement Calculator - Plan Water Use

Estimate irrigation water needs from crop evapotranspiration, rainfall, and system efficiency to schedule watering.

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JWT Decoder Tool - Inspect JSON Web Tokens

Decode JWT tokens safely in your browser with this offline JWT decoder utility.

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Lake Residence Time Calculator - Water Renewal Estimate

Estimate how long water stays in a lake using volume and inflow or outflow rates.

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Landfill Methane Emissions Calculator - First-Order Decay Model

Estimate annual and cumulative methane generation from landfilled waste using a first-order decay approach.

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Laptop Upgrade Environmental Impact Calculator - Weigh Upgrade vs Emissions

Estimate the carbon footprint payback when replacing an old laptop with a newer, energy-efficient model.

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Leaf Area Index Calculator - Gauge Plant Canopy Density

Estimate leaf area index (LAI) from total leaf surface area and ground coverage to analyze crop or forest growth.

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Livestock Feed Ration Calculator - Balance Protein Needs

Determine daily amounts of two feeds to meet a desired crude protein level based on animal weight and intake.

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Livestock Water Requirement Calculator - Plan Daily Intake

Estimate daily water needs for different livestock species based on body weight, temperature, and herd size.

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Manning Equation Flow Calculator - Open Channel Hydraulics

Estimate water flow in open channels using the Manning equation. Enter area, wetted perimeter, slope and roughness to compute discharge and velocity.

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Manure Application Rate Calculator - Balance Nutrients from Organic Sources

Estimate how many tons or gallons of manure are needed to meet crop nutrient goals based on manure analysis, field size, and nutrient availability.

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Microplastic Laundry Shedding Calculator - Estimate Fiber Release

Calculate how many grams of microplastic fibers your laundry may release per wash based on load weight, fabric type, and washing machine.

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Mold Growth Risk Calculator - Estimate Indoor Fungal Hazard

Assess mold growth risk based on temperature, humidity, exposure time, and material type using a simple mold index model.

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Moon Phase Calculator - Discover the Lunar Cycle for Any Date

Find the moon phase for any date with our Moon Phase Calculator. Learn about each lunar phase and how it influences tides, gardens, and traditions.

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Moon-Phase Planting Planner - Schedule Crops by Lunar Cycle

Plan your garden with the moon. Enter a starting date and crop type to see the best planting dates according to the lunar cycle.

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Mycelium Brick Insulation Calculator - Estimate Mass, R-Value, and Strength

Model the mass, thermal resistance, and compressive strength of a mycelium composite brick based on dimensions and density.

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Nitrate Leaching Risk Calculator - Agricultural Nitrogen Loss

Estimate nitrate leaching from soil using concentration, drainage, and area inputs to assess groundwater contamination risk.

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Number ↔ Words Converter - Spell and Parse Numbers

Convert numbers into English words and decode written numbers back to digits with this offline Number to Words converter.

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Ocean Acidification pH Calculator - CO₂ Impact Estimator

Estimate how rising atmospheric CO₂ alters seawater pH using a simple Henderson–Hasselbalch approach based on alkalinity.

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Ocean Plastic Degradation Timeline Calculator

Estimate how long common plastics persist in the ocean under varying UV, temperature, and mechanical stress conditions.

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Parker Spiral Magnetic Field Calculator

Estimate radial and azimuthal components of the heliospheric magnetic field using the Parker spiral model.

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Parking Demand Forecast Calculator - Plan Space for Development

Estimate the number of parking spaces required for a project based on building use, floor area, and local transit options.

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Partial Fraction Decomposition Calculator - Split Rational Functions

Decompose simple rational expressions into partial fractions for easier integration.

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Passive Solar Greenhouse Glazing Ratio Calculator

Determine recommended south-facing glazing area for a passive solar greenhouse based on latitude and season.

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Passive Solar Overhang Length Calculator

Determine the optimal overhang length to shade windows in summer while admitting winter sun using latitude and solar geometry.

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Patio Sunlight Exposure Planner - Map Your Shade and Sun

Plan how many hours of sun your patio receives throughout the year to optimize plantings and outdoor seating.

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Permaculture Companion Planting Calculator - Design Productive Guilds

Plan the number of trees, shrubs, and ground covers for a garden bed using permaculture principles and plant spacing.

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Permafrost Thaw Subsidence Risk Calculator

Estimate ground subsidence risk from permafrost thaw using temperature rise, ice content, load, drainage, and years.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Degradation Rate Calculator

Estimate performance decline of perovskite photovoltaic modules over time using initial efficiency, annual degradation and operational years.

Pesticide Dilution Calculator - Mix Sprays Safely

Compute how much pesticide concentrate and water to mix for a desired spray volume and concentration. Avoid guesswork and keep applications precise.

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Pile Bearing Capacity Calculator - Deep Foundation Support

Estimate ultimate and allowable bearing capacity for a single vertical pile using end bearing and skin friction in cohesive soils.

Planetary Equilibrium Temperature Calculator - Estimate Surface Climate

Compute a planet's equilibrium temperature from its stellar flux and albedo to understand climate conditions.

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Planetary Magnetopause Standoff Distance Calculator

Estimate the subsolar magnetopause distance where solar wind pressure balances a planet's magnetic field.

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Plant Available Water Calculator - Soil Moisture Capacity

Estimate plant available water from field capacity, wilting point, and root depth to evaluate soil moisture reserves.

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Plant Hardiness Zone Finder - Know Your Growing Region

Determine your USDA plant hardiness zone by entering your average annual extreme minimum temperature. Plan gardens with confidence.

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Plant Watering Schedule Calculator - Keep Your Garden Thriving

Determine how often to water your plants by entering plant type, pot size, and environment. Learn tips to prevent overwatering and underwatering.

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Plastic Footprint Calculator - Estimate Your Annual Waste

Estimate how much plastic waste you generate each year from common single-use items and explore ways to reduce your footprint.

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Podcast Production Time Calculator - Plan Your Workflow

Estimate the hours needed for scripting, recording, and editing your podcast episode with this calculator.

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Pond Liner Size Calculator - Plan Your Garden Water Feature

Quickly estimate the ideal liner size for a backyard pond. Enter pond length, width, and depth to find liner dimensions with overlap.

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Pumping Well Drawdown Calculator - Thiem Equation

Estimate groundwater drawdown near a pumping well using the Thiem equation with flow rate, transmissivity, and radial distance.

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Radiation Pressure Calculator - Light Momentum Transfer

Calculate the pressure exerted by electromagnetic radiation on a surface, including options for absorption or reflection.

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Rain Barrel Sizing Calculator - Capture Roof Runoff

Estimate how much rainwater you can harvest from your roof and find the right barrel size to meet your gardening needs.

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Rain Garden Sizing Calculator - Manage Stormwater Naturally

Find the ideal rain garden size for your property using rainfall depth, impervious area, and soil absorption.

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Rainwater Harvesting Yield Calculator - Estimate Capturable Roof Runoff

Project how much rainwater you can collect from your roof each year and evaluate tank overflow and days of supply based on daily usage.

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Raised Bed Soil Volume Calculator - Fill Garden Beds Correctly

Determine how much soil you need for new raised beds. Enter length, width, and depth to calculate volume, plus tips on soil mixes and layering.

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Recycling Contamination Penalty Calculator

Estimate financial and climate penalties when recycling loads exceed contamination limits.

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Reference Evapotranspiration Calculator - Penman‑Monteith Method

Compute reference evapotranspiration ET0 using the FAO Penman‑Monteith equation with weather data inputs.

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Refrigerant Leak Climate Impact Calculator

Estimate carbon dioxide equivalent emissions and potential cost from refrigerant leaks using charge amount, GWP, leak rate, and years of operation.

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Roof Insulation Payback Calculator - Estimate Energy Savings

Estimate how quickly a roof insulation upgrade will pay for itself through reduced energy bills. Enter installation cost and expected monthly savings.

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Roof Snow Load Calculator - Estimate Winter Roof Loads

Calculate approximate roof snow loads using ground snow load, exposure, and thermal factors. Learn how roof slope and design considerations impact snow buildup.

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Satellite Solar Panel Degradation Calculator

Estimate remaining power output from satellite solar arrays based on mission duration, radiation flux, thermal cycling, and cell degradation coefficients.

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Scuba Decompression Planner - Safer Dive Ascents

Estimate basic decompression stop times for recreational dives using depth and bottom time.

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Sea Level Rise Projection Calculator - Estimate Future Change

Project cumulative sea level rise using annual rate and acceleration assumptions to explore climate change impacts.

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Secchi Disk Water Clarity Calculator - Turbidity and Chlorophyll

Convert Secchi disk depth to turbidity, euphotic zone depth, and estimated chlorophyll concentration.

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Seed Rate Calculator - Plan Seeding Needs

Estimate how many seeds are required for a field based on area, spacing, and germination rate.

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Seed Spacing Calculator - Plan Garden Planting Density

Estimate how many plants fit in a garden bed based on row and plant spacing.

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Shannon Diversity Index Calculator - Measure Species Richness

Input species counts to compute the Shannon diversity index and assess ecological diversity.

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Shapiro Gravitational Time Delay Calculator

Compute the additional travel time experienced by light passing near a massive object using the Shapiro delay formula.

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Shields Parameter Sediment Transport Calculator

Compute bed shear stress and dimensionless Shields parameter to evaluate sediment mobilization in open channels.

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Shockley–Queisser Solar Cell Efficiency Calculator

Estimate the Shockley–Queisser detailed balance limit for a single-junction photovoltaic cell given the band gap and temperatures.

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Shutter Speed Anti-Blur Calculator - Avoid Camera Shake

Compute a safe handheld shutter speed limit using focal length, crop factor, and image stabilization to minimize motion blur.

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Slow Cooker Energy Cost Calculator - Save on Meal Prep

Calculate the electricity cost of running a slow cooker for delicious meals with minimal effort.

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Smart Home Energy Savings Calculator - See Your Potential Utility Reduction

Estimate how much you can save on electricity by using smart thermostats, LED lights and automation. Enter your current bills and expected efficiency to discover yearly savings.

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Soil Bearing Capacity Calculator - Assess Foundation Safety

Estimate allowable soil bearing capacity using Terzaghi's formula for shallow foundations.

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Soil Bulk Density and Porosity Calculator - Assess Compaction

Compute soil bulk density from mass and volume and estimate total porosity using particle density.

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Soil Infiltration Rate Calculator - Measure Water Absorption

Estimate how quickly water soaks into soil using test depth and time. Useful for irrigation planning and stormwater management.

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Soil pH Adjustment Calculator - Balance Garden Acidity

Determine how much lime or sulfur your soil needs to reach a target pH. Enter current pH, desired pH, area, and soil texture for a quick estimate.

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Soil Texture Classification Calculator - USDA Triangle

Determine USDA soil texture class from sand, silt, and clay percentages using the soil texture triangle.

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Solar Battery vs Generator Cost Calculator

Estimate annual backup power costs for a solar battery system compared to a fuel generator.

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Solar Chimney Ventilation Calculator

Estimate passive airflow driven by a solar chimney from height, temperature difference and cross sectional area.

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Solar Eclipse Visibility Calculator - Check Upcoming Paths of Totality

Enter your latitude and longitude to see if upcoming solar eclipses will be total or partial from your location using a simple distance model.

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Solar Flare Probability Calculator - Forecast Space Weather Risk

Estimate the chance of an M-class solar flare using sunspot number and solar flux.

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Solar Food Dehydrator Area Calculator

Estimate collector area needed for a solar food dehydrator based on food mass, moisture removal and solar insolation.

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Solar Panel Cleaning Interval Calculator - Maintain Peak Efficiency

Estimate how often to clean your solar panels based on dust levels, rainfall, and tilt angle. Keep your photovoltaic system running efficiently.

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Solar Panel Cleaning ROI Calculator

Determine how often to wash solar panels by comparing soiling losses, energy prices, and cleaning costs to identify the break-even interval.

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Solar Panel Degradation Forecast Calculator - Plan Long-Term Output

Estimate how a photovoltaic system's capacity declines over the years. Enter initial wattage, annual degradation rate, and years to project remaining output.

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Solar Position Calculator - Find the Sun's Azimuth and Elevation

Calculate the sun's current azimuth and elevation for any location and time. Useful for solar panel setup, photography, and astronomy.

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Solar Roof Payback Calculator

Compare solar roof installation cost with a conventional roof and estimate payback period from electricity savings.

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Solar Still Water Production Calculator - Estimate Daily Output

Predict the volume of distilled water a solar still can produce from sunlight, basin size, and efficiency.

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Solar Storm Communication Blackout Risk Calculator

Estimate the likelihood of high-frequency radio communication blackouts due to solar storms using sunspot number, solar flux, CME speed, and operating frequency.

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Spacesuit Thermal Balance Calculator

Estimate astronaut suit temperature from metabolic heat, solar flux, emissivity and cooling capacity.

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Species-Area Relationship Calculator - Habitat Diversity Estimator

Predict species richness for a habitat using the classic species-area power law to explore biodiversity loss or gain from area changes.

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Speech-to-Text Transcriber

Transcribe spoken words into written text using your browser's SpeechRecognition API. Start, stop, and explore recognition accuracy.

Spread Footing Size Calculator - Foundation Area and Dimensions

Determine required area and plan dimensions for isolated spread footings based on column load, soil bearing capacity, and chosen aspect ratio.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law Calculator - Radiative Power

Calculate radiant heat emission using the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Determine power based on temperature, surface area, and emissivity.

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Stirling Numbers Calculator - Partition Sets into Blocks

Compute Stirling numbers of the second kind to count set partitions.

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Stream Power Erosion Potential Calculator

Compute total and unit stream power from discharge, slope, and width to assess river erosion intensity.

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Sustainable Commute Emissions Calculator - Compare Transportation Options

Calculate yearly carbon emissions for various commute methods and discover potential savings.

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Thermal Pollution Mixing Calculator

Predict the final temperature of a river after mixing with heated effluent and evaluate compliance with thermal discharge limits.

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Thermosiphon Solar Water Heater Output Calculator

Estimate daily hot water production from a thermosiphon solar water heater using collector area, insolation and efficiency.

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Time Converter - Seconds Minutes Hours Days

Convert time between seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years with this time converter.

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Time of Concentration Calculator - Watershed Hydrology

Estimate watershed time of concentration using the Kirpich equation and learn how flow length and slope influence runoff timing.

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Tiny Balcony Garden Yield Estimator - Maximize Small Space Harvests

Estimate how many herbs or vegetables you can grow on a small balcony. Input container count, sunlight hours, and plant spacing to predict yield.

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Tire Wear Microplastic Emission Calculator

Estimate microplastic particles released from vehicle tire wear using distance, vehicle mass, tread compound and driving style.

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Total Water Hardness Calculator - From Calcium and Magnesium

Convert dissolved calcium and magnesium concentrations into total hardness as CaCO3 and interpret water softness categories.

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Tractor Field Capacity Calculator - Estimate Work Rates

Compute effective field capacity, operation time, and fuel use for farm machinery using implement width, speed, and efficiency.

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Universal Soil Loss Equation Calculator - Estimate Water Erosion

Compute annual soil loss using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) with rainfall, soil, slope, cover, and practice factors.

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Unix Timestamp Converter - Translate Epoch Time

Convert Unix timestamps to readable dates and convert dates back to epoch seconds with this easy Unix Timestamp Converter for developers.

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Urban Air Pollution Box Model Calculator

Estimate steady-state pollutant concentration in a city using a simple box model with emissions, wind speed, and mixing height.

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Urban Heat Island Intensity Calculator

Estimate nighttime urban heat island intensity from surface cover, anthropogenic heat and wind.

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Urban Light Pollution Skyglow Calculator

Estimate incremental sky brightness from city lighting and assess visibility risk for stargazing

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Urban Tree Cooling Impact Calculator - Estimate Neighborhood Temperature Drops

Model how much a planting project could cool a paved area by estimating canopy coverage and using published heat island mitigation research.

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Urban Tree Stormwater Runoff Reduction Calculator

Estimate how street tree plantings reduce stormwater runoff volume and overflow risk through canopy interception and soil infiltration.

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Vapor Pressure Deficit Calculator - Evaluate Plant Humidity Stress

Estimate saturation vapor pressure, actual vapor pressure, and vapor pressure deficit from air temperature and relative humidity.

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Vertical Garden Yield Estimator - Maximize Urban Growing Space

Calculate how much produce you can grow in a vertical garden. Input tiers, plants per tier, yield per plant, and harvests per year.

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Wastewater BOD Loading Calculator - Estimate Organic Strength

Calculate biochemical oxygen demand loading and population equivalent for wastewater flows.

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Water Footprint Calculator - Measure Household Usage

Estimate your household water footprint from daily activities like showers, laundry, and lawn watering. Learn how to conserve and reduce usage.

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Water Softener Size Calculator - Determine Resin Capacity and Salt Use

Estimate household water softener capacity and salt consumption from hardness, occupancy, and usage.

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Watershed Water Budget Calculator - Estimate Storage Change

Compute the annual water balance for a watershed using precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff.

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Wave Power Density Calculator - Estimate Marine Energy

Compute the power available in ocean waves from height and period to aid renewable energy planning.

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Website Carbon Footprint Calculator - Estimate Page Emissions

Estimate the energy use and CO2 emissions generated by serving a webpage based on page size, traffic, and energy mix.

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Wet Bulb Temperature Calculator - Humidity and Comfort Guide

Estimate wet bulb temperature from air temperature and relative humidity. Learn how moisture affects perceived heat.

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Wetland Nutrient Removal Calculator - First-Order Decay

Estimate effluent concentration and mass removal of nutrients in a treatment wetland using first-order kinetics.

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Wien's Displacement Law Calculator - Peak Blackbody Wavelength

Determine the wavelength of maximum emission for a blackbody at any temperature using Wien's displacement law.

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Wind Erosion Equation Calculator - Estimate Soil Loss

Use the Wind Erosion Equation to approximate annual soil loss from wind based on erodibility, climate, surface roughness, field length, and vegetative cover.

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Wind Turbine Energy Calculator - Estimate Power Output

Calculate the potential power output of a small wind turbine with our Wind Turbine Energy Calculator. Enter blade size, wind speed, and efficiency to see daily energy production.

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Window Caulking Renewal Planner

Estimate when to replace window caulking using climate zone, orientation, and caulk type.

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Window Tint Energy Savings Calculator - Reduce Cooling Costs

Estimate annual cooling energy savings from installing window tint using solar heat gain coefficients.

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Windshield Wiper Replacement Schedule Calculator

Estimate how often to replace windshield wiper blades based on climate and usage.

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Worm Bin Size Calculator - Build the Perfect Vermicompost Bin

Find out how large your worm composting bin should be based on household food scraps and worm count. Get tips on bedding materials and maintenance.

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Yeti Fur Insulation Estimator - Gauge Mountain Warmth

Estimate your warmth in icy terrain using fur length, snow depth, and activity level. A humorous tool for cryptid enthusiasts and winter hikers.

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Zero Waste Lifestyle Savings Calculator - Reduce Trash and Costs

Estimate how much money you can save by diverting household waste from landfills through recycling and composting.

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