We are working on building a calculator for every computation life throws at you - from the serious to the whimsical.
Solve small 0/1 knapsack problems by dynamic programming. Enter up to five items with weights and values plus a capacity to find the optimal selection.
Estimate interval entanglement entropy in a 1D conformal field theory using central charge, interval length, cutoff, and temperature.
Estimate dimensional shrinkage of 3D printed parts during annealing based on thermal expansion coefficients and temperature change.
Estimate tensile strength reduction in 3D printed parts from porosity, infill percentage, and build orientation, and evaluate failure risk against a required strength.
Calculate how much 3D printing filament is needed for a model by entering volume, material density, and filament diameter.
Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a 3x3 matrix using the characteristic polynomial and cross products.
Determine whether your A/B experiment results are statistically significant with this easy-to-use significance calculator. Enter your visitors and conversions for two variants to get instant confidence levels.
Interactive abacus calculator that renders a soroban or suanpan on an HTML5 canvas. Drag beads, switch bases, export images, and learn the history and math of abaci.
Find the absolute humidity in grams per cubic meter from temperature and relative humidity. Understand how moisture content changes with weather.
Solve absolute value equations and inequalities of the form |ax + b| = c, providing all real solutions or intervals.
Analyze absorbing Markov chains by computing the fundamental matrix, expected steps to absorption, and absorption probabilities.
Convert between peak, peak-to-peak and root-mean-square values for sinusoidal voltages and estimate power dissipation in a resistive load.
Estimate the temperature of a thin accretion disk around a star or black hole from mass, accretion rate, and radius.
Compute the concentration of an acid or base solution at the equivalence point using titration volumes and molarity.
Compute pressure and intensity reflection coefficients when sound waves encounter an interface between materials of different acoustic impedance.
Convert acoustic intensity to decibel level using the standard reference value.
Estimate the temperature after adiabatic compression using initial state, pressure ratio and heat capacity ratio.
Estimate atmospheric temperature change with altitude using dry or moist adiabatic lapse rate assumptions.
Compute final pressure, volume, or temperature for an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic change.
Explore crop yield reduction and energy gain when installing solar panels over farmland.
Evaluate the quantum phase acquired by a charged particle encircling a magnetic flux using the Aharonov–Bohm effect.
Estimate required compressor airflow and tank size from tool consumption and duty cycle.
Forecast when to clear an air conditioner's condensate drain based on humidity and runtime.
Compute air density from temperature, pressure, and humidity. Learn how weather conditions affect air mass and why it matters in aviation, HVAC, and science.
Compare hand drying costs and carbon impacts between electric air dryers and disposable paper towels.
Estimate pressure drop across an HVAC air filter using airflow rate and filter type.
Convert air fryer cooking instructions to conventional oven settings with detailed explanations.
Estimate how long an air purifier filter will last based on CADR and pollution levels.
Estimate the speed, travel range, and flight time of smoke rings from a homemade air vortex cannon using barrel size and push speed.
Project bookings and income for an Airbnb listing using occupancy rate, nightly price, and fees.
Estimate power from a crosswind kite system using kite area, lift coefficient, wind speed and efficiency.
Estimate aerodynamic lift force using air density, velocity, wing area, and lift coefficient. Helpful for pilots, engineers, and students studying flight.
Apply Aitken's delta-squared process to improve the convergence of a sequence.
Estimate negative energy requirements for an Alcubierre-style warp bubble.
Estimate the Alfvén wave speed in a plasma from magnetic field strength and mass density using the classic magnetohydrodynamic formula.
Compute common fairness metrics from confusion matrices to assess bias across groups.
Estimate the energy required to terraform an alien planet using size, target oxygen level, and years of preparation. Ideal for sci-fi world builders and curious astronomers.
Design comfortable habitats for unusual alien creatures by calculating enclosure volume based on creature size, count, and enrichment complexity. A whimsical tool for imaginative zoo keepers.
Convert metal hardness values among Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell scales using simple empirical relationships.
Design a classic Ames room by computing wall depths, floor slope, and apparent height ratios for spectators peering through a peephole.
Estimate time and storage for scanning photos or converting tapes using this offline planner with detailed explanations.
Evaluate pairwise comparisons and compute priority weights and consistency ratio using the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
Compute ground-plane coordinates that make a flat drawing appear upright from a chosen viewpoint for mind-bending anamorphic street art.
Estimate the pullout strength of a cast-in-place anchor bolt based on diameter, embedment depth, and concrete strength using simplified ACI concepts.
Estimate the localization length and conductance of a one-dimensional disordered chain using the Anderson model.
Determine the acute angle formed by two lines in standard form using pure browser-based calculations.
Determine the angle between two vectors in any dimension using the dot product formula.
Convert angles among degrees, radians, gradians, arcminutes, and arcseconds with this free angle converter.
Determine the angle of elevation or depression given a horizontal distance and height difference.
Compute the angle at which granular material begins to slide using the coefficient of friction or slope ratio.
Calculate angular momentum for a point mass or rigid body using mass, radius, velocity or moment of inertia and angular speed.
Solve for initial or final angular velocity or moment of inertia using I₁ω₁ = I₂ω₂.
Estimate the gestation length of mammals based on body mass using a simplified scaling model.
Calculate ideal antenna lengths for a given frequency. Supports quarter-wave and half-wave configurations with optional velocity factor.
Estimate true catastrophe rates accounting for anthropic selection effects.
Estimate serial dilution concentrations to find the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic in microbiology experiments.
Determine the final antibody concentration after serial dilutions by entering the starting titer, dilution factor, and number of dilution steps.
Estimate required matter and antimatter fuel masses, mass ratio, and energy release for a target delta-v using the relativistic rocket equation.
Compute the scale reading for a person in an accelerating elevator using N = m(g ± a).
Find out how much your appliances cost to run by entering wattage, hours of use, and electricity rate.
Calculate the energy consumption and cost of running home appliances based on wattage, usage hours, and electricity rate.
Estimate the payback period for replacing an old appliance with an energy-efficient model. Enter energy usage and costs to see savings.
Estimate how quickly dissolved oxygen in a pond will be depleted based on biomass and aeration capacity.
Numerically integrate the arc length of a function between two points.
Determine the cubic meters of earth to excavate for an archaeological trench or pit.
Compute wear volume using the Archard wear equation based on load, hardness, distance, and wear coefficient.
Convert area measurements between square meters, square kilometers, square feet, acres and more with this area converter.
Determine the nth term and sum of an arithmetic series using the first term, common difference, and number of terms.
Compute the arithmetic-geometric mean of two positive numbers and learn its surprising connections to elliptic integrals and fast numerical algorithms.
Calculate reaction rate constants using the Arrhenius equation. Determine how activation energy and temperature affect chemical kinetics.
Estimate fish carrying capacity of an artificial reef using volume, structural complexity and fish density.
Estimate required asphalt pavement thickness using the AASHTO 1993 flexible pavement design equation.
Compute the kinetic energy of an incoming asteroid from diameter, density and speed to gauge potential damage.
Estimate revenue, cost, and ROI for asteroid mining missions.
Estimate rotation period and structural limits for spinning an asteroid to create artificial gravity for habitats.
Estimate convective heat flux on a spacecraft's nose during atmospheric reentry using the Sutton–Graves relation.
Estimate the density scale height of an atmosphere using temperature, molar mass, and surface gravity.
Compute acceleration and rope tension for a classic Atwood machine given two masses.
Compute the autocorrelation function of a time series for user-specified lags.
Estimate an optimal transmission fluid change interval based on driving habits and conditions.
Use Avogadro's constant to convert between moles, molecules, and mass for any substance.
Estimate the expected signal power in an axion haloscope given magnetic field, cavity volume, quality factor and axion parameters.
Estimate the relic dark matter density from axion misalignment using the decay constant and initial angle.
Estimate the probability of axion–photon oscillations in a magnetic field using the Primakoff effect.
Evaluate B-spline basis functions for given knots, degree, and parameter.
Determine recommended formula amounts per day and per feeding based on your baby's weight and meal frequency.
Estimate the chance of a new inflating pocket universe forming via quantum tunneling using a thin-wall action.
Plan periodic backup generator test runs based on fuel type, age, and outage frequency.
Predict how a colony of bacteria expands over time. Enter the starting population, growth rate, and time to see the final count using an exponential model.
Analyze collisions with a ballistic pendulum to determine projectile speed, mass, or rise height using conservation of momentum and energy.
Estimate flight time, range, and peak height for a projectile based on launch speed and angle.
Explore the Banach–Tarski paradox by modeling mass duplication from a decomposed sphere.
Determine the ideal banking angle and safe speed range for a vehicle negotiating a circular turn using radius, speed, and friction.
Calculate the Hebrew and Gregorian date for a bar or bat mitzvah based on a birth date.
Determine how many weight plates to load on each side of a barbell to reach a target weight in pounds or kilograms.
Compute atmospheric pressure at a given altitude using the barometric formula and explore how pressure decreases with height.
Estimate flavor intensity from barrel aging using surface area to volume ratios, toast level, and time.
Compute barycentric coordinates of a point with respect to a triangle.
Estimate the water and energy cost of taking a bath versus a shower using tub volume, flow rate, and utility prices.
Estimate expected cycle life and years of service for rechargeable batteries from depth of discharge, rated cycles and usage habits.
Estimate remaining capacity and failure risk for repurposed batteries based on usage history.
Predict the remaining capacity of a battery after months in storage. Enter initial capacity, self-discharge rate, temperature, and time to estimate the charge left.
Estimate the probability of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway using charge rate, temperature, state of charge, and internal resistance.
Estimate battery state of charge from measured voltage for lithium-ion, LiFePO4, or lead-acid cells.
Apply Bayes' theorem to combine prior probability with new evidence and compute the posterior.
Relate critical temperature, superconducting gap, and coherence length using BCS theory.
Compute bending stress for beams by entering bending moment and section modulus, with tips for safe structural design.
Calculate midspan deflection for a simply supported beam with a central point load. Learn about Young's modulus, moment of inertia, and how loading affects structural stiffness.
Compute the allowable central point load for a simply supported beam using section modulus and allowable stress.
Calculate reaction forces and peak shear in a simply supported beam with a distributed load.
Estimate how much honey your beehive will produce based on frame counts and extraction efficiency.
Calculate the alcohol content of beer by entering original and final gravity readings. Learn how fermentation affects ABV and discover tips for improving your homebrew.
Estimate international bitterness units for your homebrew using hop weight, alpha acids, boil time, and final volume. Dial in the perfect level of bitterness.
Estimate the maximum entropy or information content that can be stored within a region using the Bekenstein bound.
Compute pressure differences and velocities in a flowing fluid using Bernoulli's principle. Explore energy conservation in liquids and gases.
Generate Bernoulli numbers using the Akiyama-Tanigawa algorithm.
Compute the geometric Berry phase acquired by a spin-1/2 particle undergoing adiabatic precession around a cone.
Evaluate the beta distribution's PDF and CDF for given parameters.
Compute the Beta function for positive inputs using the Gamma relation.
Evaluate density and cumulative values of the Beta Prime distribution.
Compute the stopping power of charged particles in matter using the Bethe–Bloch formula.
Plan how often to lubricate a bicycle chain based on mileage, weather, and riding conditions.
Estimate chain elongation from accumulated mileage and maintenance habits.
Determine the correct spoke length for your custom bike wheel by entering rim diameter, hub dimensions, and lacing pattern.
Compare the annual cost of owning a bicycle with subscribing to a bike share program.
Estimate the gravitational-wave driven merger time for two compact objects in a circular orbit.
Compute left and right ear frequencies required to generate a desired binaural beat for meditation or focus.
Compute PDF and CDF values for the binomial distribution.
Expand binomials of the form (ax + by)^n using the binomial theorem with a fully client-side calculator.
Estimate contaminant concentrations in aquatic organisms using water concentration and bioaccumulation factor inputs.
Estimate long-term carbon sequestration potential of biochar produced from biomass using carbon content, yield and stability factors.
Calculate the mass and volume of biochar required for a garden bed based on area, depth, soil bulk density and desired amendment percentage.
Estimate decomposition time for biodegradable plastics based on thickness, temperature, moisture and composting efficiency.
Estimate biogas and methane yields from anaerobic digestion using feedstock mass, volatile solids content, and specific gas yield.
Estimate probability of unauthorized access from false acceptances in biometric systems
Estimate probability of microbial contamination in a fermentation batch using sterilization efficacy, operator steps, and exposure time.
Calculate biomass or product output from a bioreactor using cell density, productivity, and volume.
Compute biorhythm cycles from your birth date to see physical, emotional, and intellectual peaks and troughs for any target day.
Estimate wing loading for birds based on weight and wing area to study flight characteristics.
Generate a simple astrological birth chart using your date, time, and place of birth. Discover your sun sign and rising sign with a detailed explanation of how these elements influence your personality.
Estimate the chance that at least two people in a group share the same birthday using the famous birthday paradox formula.
Compute the joint probability density and rectangular region probability for a bivariate normal distribution with given means, standard deviations, and correlation.
Estimate the Hawking evaporation time and temperature of a black hole from its mass using the quantum mechanical radiation formula.
Estimate Hawking temperature, Bekenstein entropy and the Hayden–Preskill scrambling time for a black hole of given mass.
Estimate the growth timescale of a scalar cloud around a spinning black hole due to the superradiant instability.
Estimate your chance of busting on the next hit and get basic strategy hints with this blackjack odds calculator.
Estimate the power extracted from a spinning black hole by magnetic fields via the Blandford–Znajek mechanism.
Estimate the electricity expense required to control over half a proof-of-work blockchain's hash rate for a chosen duration.
Calculate how much a solute raises the boiling point of a solvent using the formula ΔTb = i Kb m.
Estimate clamp force from bolt torque using a standard K factor. Understand how fastener preload works with practical examples.
Compute nominal and design shear strength of a structural bolt based on diameter, material strength, number of shear planes, and thread condition.
Estimate the fantastically tiny odds of a self-aware brain appearing from thermal fluctuations in a de Sitter universe.
Compute the Boltzmann factor e^(-E/kT) to evaluate the relative probability of a system occupying a higher energy state at a given temperature.
Estimate spherical accretion rates onto compact objects using the Bondi formula.
Plan ideal watering intervals for your bonsai tree by considering pot size, species, humidity, and temperature.
Estimate the number of pages your manuscript will produce based on word count and formatting preferences.
Estimate the cost of printing books by combining page counts, color ratios, copy quantities, and setup fees.
Estimate the spine width needed for perfect-bound books. Input page count and paper thickness to get an accurate measurement for your cover design.
Estimate how much weight a bookshelf shelf can hold before excessive sagging occurs using beam deflection theory.
Estimate the critical temperature for forming a dilute Bose–Einstein condensate given atomic mass and number density.
Estimate the critical temperature and phase-space density for Bose–Einstein condensation in a harmonic trap.
Compute occupation numbers for bosonic energy levels and estimate the critical temperature for Bose–Einstein condensation.
Estimate the mass and radius of noninteracting or self-interacting boson stars from particle mass and scattering length inputs.
Compute a simple Bouguer gravity anomaly using observed gravity, elevation, and rock density.
Estimate the weight of an irregular boulder using its dimensions and rock density. Useful for landscaping, construction, and geology projects.
Generate a five-number summary and simple box-and-whisker plot from raw data values using only your browser.
Explore Boyle's law by solving for final pressure or volume of a gas when the other changes at constant temperature.
Compute the travel time of a frictionless bead along the brachistochrone curve.
Determine diffraction angles using Bragg's law for crystallography and materials analysis.
Compute the γγ → e⁺e⁻ pair production cross section and threshold using the Breit–Wheeler formula.
Find the incidence angle where reflected light becomes perfectly polarized. Calculate using the refractive indices of two media.
Estimate the number of bricks and volume of mortar required for a masonry wall based on wall dimensions, brick size, and joint thickness.
Estimate local scour depth at bridge piers using the HEC-18 equation with pier width, flow depth, velocity, and correction factors.
Calculate exactly how much salt and sugar to use in your brine for meats and vegetables. Achieve consistent flavor every time.
Estimate the date of a brit milah based on the infant's birth date and time, accounting for births after sunset.
Model the buoyant ascent, volume, and translation speed of underwater bubble rings using simplified vortex ring physics.
Compute the buffering capacity of a weak acid/conjugate base system using the Henderson-Hasselbalch relation.
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution based on acid and conjugate base concentrations. Useful for biochemistry and molecular biology labs.
Compute bulk modulus, pressure change, or volume change for compressed or expanded materials using B = -ΔP/(ΔV/V).
Estimate vessel stability by calculating metacentric height from beam width and centers of gravity and buoyancy.
Determine the upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object. Explore fluid density, displaced volume, and gravity.
Estimate project fragility by computing bus factor, expected knowledge loss, and downtime costs.
Determine the number of business days between two dates, excluding weekends and holidays.
Estimate how long butterfly eggs, larvae, and pupae take to develop based on ambient temperature.
Estimate the chance that someone will help in an emergency based on group size and individual willingness. Explore how the bystander effect influences collective action.
Compute points on a Bézier curve using De Casteljau's algorithm.
Estimate tension in a suspended cable given load, angle, and desired safety factor. Learn how geometry and safety margins influence overhead line design.
Determine your recommended daily caffeine allowance with our Caffeine Intake Calculator. Enter your weight and consumed caffeine to see if you are within safe limits.
Estimate the allowable end load on a cantilever beam using deflection limits, material modulus, and section properties.
Solve for charge, capacitance, or voltage of an ideal capacitor using Q = CV. Includes an extensive discussion of capacitor behavior, energy storage, and practical applications.
Compute the energy stored in a capacitor from its capacitance and voltage using E=1/2CV^2.
Compute equivalent capacitance for up to five capacitors arranged in series or parallel and estimate stored charge and energy for an optional supply voltage.
Determine how high a liquid climbs in a capillary tube using surface tension, contact angle, and tube radius. Learn the physics of capillary action and its real-world implications.
Compare DIY car washing costs with automatic bay prices and monthly subscriptions to see which option saves more.
Estimate the net power output reduction from post-combustion carbon capture at power plants.
Calculate your annual carbon footprint based on home energy, transportation, diet, and waste habits. Discover ways to reduce your environmental impact today.
Calculate the maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine using the Carnot equation. Explore how temperature limits convert heat into useful work.
Evaluate working capital efficiency by calculating the cash conversion cycle from inventory, receivable, and payable days.
Estimate the Casimir force between two parallel plates in a vacuum using plate area and separation distance.
Estimate monthly cat litter needs and costs based on number of cats and cleaning habits.
Compute Catalan numbers and learn about their many combinatorial interpretations.
Estimate sag and support reactions for a uniformly loaded overhead cable using a parabolic approximation to the catenary equation.
Evaluate the PDF and CDF of the Cauchy distribution for any location and scale parameters.
Test the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for two vectors and explore its geometric interpretation with an in-depth explanation.
Estimate the number of discrete spacetime elements in a region by sprinkling Planck volumes over its 4-volume.
Estimate how long a cave exploration will take based on passage length, movement speed, and planned rest stops.
Check the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for a 2×2 matrix and see its characteristic polynomial.
Calculate the ideal downrod length for ceiling fans based on ceiling height and desired blade clearance.
Compute the center of mass for up to five point masses in three dimensions using weighted averages.
Determine the centripetal force needed to keep an object moving in a circle. Enter mass, velocity, and radius to find the inward force.
Plan kiln firing schedules by calculating ramp times and total duration from temperature targets and rates.
Evaluate the field minimum and effective mass of a chameleon scalar in a given matter density with potential parameters n, Λ, and coupling β.
Estimate the orbital decay time for a massive body moving through a stellar background using the Chandrasekhar dynamical friction formula.
Estimate the maximum mass of a white dwarf supported by electron degeneracy pressure using the Chandrasekhar limit.
Compute the characteristic polynomial of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix and learn how it relates to eigenvalues.
Solve Charles's law problems by relating gas volume and absolute temperature at constant pressure.
Compute Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind for a given degree and value.
Estimate cheese weight loss during aging using moisture content and target dryness.
Calculate theoretical and percent yield for a chemical reaction using limiting reagent data and stoichiometric coefficients.
Compute the angle of Cherenkov radiation emitted by a charged particle moving through a medium. Enter particle speed and refractive index to see the emission geometry.
Calculate how your chess Elo rating will change after a match. Enter your rating, your opponent's rating, result, and K-factor to see the expected adjustment.
Perform a chi-square test of independence on a 2x2 contingency table. Calculate expected counts, the chi-square statistic and a p-value to judge association between two categorical variables.
Compute the pdf, cumulative probability, survival value, and quantiles of the chi-squared distribution.
Estimate airflow and vent area needed in a chicken coop based on bird count, coop volume, and desired air changes per hour.
Find the expiration date for a child's car seat based on manufacture date and seat type.
Estimate a child's future adult height using the mid-parental method with this simple child height predictor.
Estimate how often your chimney should be swept based on fireplace use and wood type.
Determine your Chinese zodiac animal and element using your birth year, with explanations of the 12-animal cycle and five elements.
Estimate resonance frequencies for a thin square plate using its material properties and mode numbers. Useful for exploring Chladni patterns.
Determine the retention factor of analytes in chromatography using retention and dead times.
Estimate the number of discrete time units or chronons elapsed since the big bang.
Calculate the area of a circle easily. Enter a radius or diameter and get the precise area in square units.
Find the chord length, arc length, and segment area of a circle from its radius and central angle.
Convert between standard and general forms of a circle's equation, computing center and radius from coefficients or vice versa.
Find the area of a circle sector using radius and angle in degrees or radians.
Compute the area of a circular segment given the radius and segment height. Useful for geometry, architecture, and engineering designs.
Find the unique circle passing through three non‑collinear points by computing its center, radius, and equation.
Find the equation of the circle passing through three non-collinear points.
Estimate vapor pressure at a new temperature using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Account for enthalpy of vaporization and reference conditions.
Determine the angle between the hour and minute hands for any given time on an analog clock.
Sum insulation values of clothing layers and compare to required R-value for given temperatures.
Compute the altitude where clouds begin forming based on surface temperature and dew point. Useful for pilots and weather enthusiasts.
Estimate supersaturation, droplet density and particle track length for a diffusion cloud chamber.
Estimate the μ-type spectral distortion of the cosmic microwave background from fractional energy injection at a given redshift.
Estimate annual shoreline erosion based on wave energy, sea level rise, and sediment supply.
Determine capacitance, geometry, or dielectric properties for coaxial cables via C = 2πϵL/ln(b/a).
Compute clay, sand, and straw quantities for earthen cob floors from area, thickness, and mix ratios.
Compute final velocities for two-body collisions using the coefficient of restitution and conservation of momentum.
Plan when to descale your coffee maker using water hardness and brewing frequency.
Compute the cross section for coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering using Standard Model parameters.
Compute thin-wall bubble nucleation parameters including radius, bounce action, and decay rate from surface tension and vacuum energy difference.
Evaluate foreground and background color combinations with this color contrast checker. Ensure your designs meet WCAG accessibility standards.
Create and save color palettes with this intuitive color picker and palette generator tool for developers and designers.
Convert any color into an audible frequency and musical note using wavelength and logarithmic pitch mapping.
Determine the critical buckling load of structural columns using Euler's formula and assess a factor of safety.
Transform any quadratic expression ax^2 + bx + c into vertex form a(x-h)^2 + k by completing the square.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers with magnitude and angle output.
Determine fiber volume fraction in a composite laminate by entering masses and densities.
Determine the correct mix of browns and greens to reach an ideal compost C:N ratio.
Estimate the thermal power harvested from a compost pile using a water coil based on compost temperature, flow rate, and efficiency.
Estimate the overall moisture content of your compost by weighting green and brown materials.
Size an aeration pump for actively aerated compost tea using brew volume, dissolved oxygen target, efficiency and brew time.
Estimate container volume needed for a composting toilet based on users and retention time.
Compute the storable energy and average discharge power of a compressed air energy storage system using cavern volume, pressure limits and efficiency assumptions.
Determine the wavelength change of a photon after scattering from an electron using the Compton equation.
Estimate nominal and design shear strength of a reinforced concrete beam using concrete contribution Vc and shear reinforcement Vs.
Estimate nominal and design axial load capacity of a tied rectangular concrete column from section dimensions, material strengths, and reinforcement.
Estimate maturity index and compressive strength of curing concrete using the Nurse-Saul method.
Compute the volume and surface area of a cone from radius and height.
Find the confidence interval around a sample mean using the standard deviation and sample size.
Determine whether a second-degree equation represents a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola.
Compute the volume of a truncated cone using top and bottom radii and height.
Approximate solutions of symmetric positive-definite systems using the conjugate gradient algorithm.
Generate the continued fraction representation of any real number.
Compute the convex hull of a planar point set using the gift wrapping algorithm and learn why convex boundaries matter in geometry.
Transform points through translations, reflections, rotations, and dilations using this interactive coordinate geometry calculator.
Compute the Pearson correlation between two sets of numbers to see how strongly they move together.
Estimate metal corrosion rates from weight loss data using a classic ASTM formula.
Estimate the age of the universe at a given redshift using a simplified matter-dominated model.
Compute the deficit angle and image separation caused by a straight cosmic string.
Estimate gravitational wave power and lifetime of a cosmic string loop from its tension and length.
Estimate the number of descendant universes produced via black hole creation under Smolin's cosmological natural selection hypothesis.
Determine the scale factor needed to resize armor patterns to your own measurements.
Determine the charging energy, addition energy, and blockade temperature for electrons on a quantum dot.
Calculate the electric force between two charged particles using Coulomb's law. Explore how charge magnitude and separation distance affect electrostatic interactions.
Compute the covariance matrix for two or three datasets and explore its meaning.
Estimate potential hazard radius from a CO₂ pipeline rupture using diameter, pressure, temperature and terrain.
Use Cramer's rule to solve small linear systems with determinants.
Evaluate mobile crane lifting capacity by comparing load moment to rated moment and estimating outrigger reactions.
Compute win probability and house edge for common craps bets using two six-sided dice.
Assess the likelihood of unintended CRISPR edits by estimating possible off-target matches based on gRNA length and allowed mismatches.
Parse cron expressions to human-readable text with our Cron Expression Helper tool.
Compute the discrete cross-correlation between two sequences at all lags.
Estimate the probability of a dangerous crowd crush during large gatherings using density, exit capacity, and movement speed.
Estimate crowd density and assess safety for gatherings. Enter area and attendees to determine people per square meter.
Predict how much cryogenic liquid remains after a given storage time. Enter container capacity, boil-off rate, and duration to plan refills.
Estimate boil-off rate and storage duration for cryogenic propellants.
Generate CSS box-shadow declarations with live preview and detailed explanations.
Create linear or radial CSS gradients with adjustable colors and angles entirely client-side.
Convert CSV files to JSON format directly in your browser. Paste comma-separated values and get structured JSON output instantly.
Solve any cubic polynomial using Cardano's method. Enter coefficients to compute real and complex roots and understand discriminant cases with detailed explanations.
Estimate cyclone diameter and dimensions from airflow and inlet velocity for shop dust collection.
Calculate the cyclotron frequency of a charged particle in a magnetic field. Useful for plasma physics and mass spectrometry.
Evaluate heat transfer through a cylindrical wall or solve for thermal conductivity, geometry, or temperature difference.
Explore the time-dependent displacement of a damped harmonic oscillator using mass, damping coefficient, and spring constant. Learn about underdamping, critical damping, and overdamping.
Estimate terminal velocity, flight time, and travel distance of dandelion seeds based on plume size, mass, height, and wind speed.
Estimate the Darcy friction factor for turbulent pipe flow using the Colebrook equation. Enter Reynolds number and relative roughness.
Compute friction head loss and pressure drop in a pipe using the Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Swamee-Jain friction factor.
Estimate expected detection rates for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) using detector mass, cross section and dark matter density.
Estimate background events and false-positive probability in dark matter detectors.
Predict how many hours of footage your dashcam can store based on video bitrate, number of channels and memory card size.
Estimate annual cooling costs in your server room or data center. Enter IT load, PUE, and electricity rate to see how efficiency improvements lower bills.
Estimate the Power Usage Effectiveness of a data center by comparing total facility energy to IT equipment energy.
Estimate the probability that individuals in an anonymized dataset could be re-identified using k-anonymity, dataset coverage, external data availability and attribute sensitivity.
Add or subtract days, weeks, months, or years from any start date. Understand calendar arithmetic with formulas, tables, and detailed explanations.
Convert dates between ISO, US, European and custom formats entirely in your browser.
Enter a date to find the corresponding day of the week using Zeller's congruence.
Estimate the intrinsic value of a stock by projecting free cash flows and discounting them to present value.
Compute the de Broglie wavelength of any particle by entering its mass and velocity. Explore wave-particle duality and the quantum realm.
Evaluate the Gibbons–Hawking temperature, horizon radius, and entropy for a universe dominated by a cosmological constant.
Estimate the Debye length for a plasma or electrolyte from temperature, charge density, and relative permittivity. Understand how electric fields are screened in ionized gases.
Explore the Debye model for solids and compute the specific heat from the Debye temperature and actual temperature.
Estimate total concrete needed for deck footings by diameter, depth, and count.
Plan how many focused sessions you need to complete a project. Input total hours, session length, and break time.
Assess the chance that a deepfake video bypasses detection by combining algorithm accuracy, compression quality, attacker skill, and video length.
Evaluate definite integrals numerically with Simpson's rule. Enter a function and limits to approximate the area under the curve.
Determine when to clean or replace a dehumidifier filter using dust levels and operating hours.
Estimate aircraft density altitude from elevation, temperature, and pressure. Useful for pilots planning safe takeoff performance.
Estimate the daily energy requirements and cost for desalinating seawater based on volume, salinity, and system efficiency.
Calculate the chance of rolling a desired result with multiple dice and see the expected number of successes.
Roll virtual dice with any number of sides, view totals, and explore the mathematics of randomness and probability.
Estimate your annual diet-related carbon footprint by entering weekly food consumption across major categories like beef, poultry, dairy, and vegetables.
Determine diffraction angles for any light wavelength and grating spacing using the interference equation d sin(θ) = m λ. Explore optics with this detailed tool.
Find the shortest path between two nodes in a small graph using Dijkstra's algorithm.
Approximate the cost per ton of CO₂ removed by a direct air capture system using energy, capital, and operating inputs.
Evaluate the probability density of a 3-parameter Dirichlet distribution.
Compute the discrete convolution of two finite sequences for signal processing and probability.
Compute the DCT-II of a numeric sequence to analyze signal frequencies.
Compute the DFT of a sequence to reveal its frequency spectrum.
Compute one-level Haar discrete wavelet transform for a numeric sequence.
Compare water and energy use between dishwasher cycles and handwashing to see which method is more efficient for your household.
Solve for distance, speed, or time by supplying the other two values.
Compute the divergence and curl of a vector field at a point.
Compute the flux of a vector field through a rectangular box and compare it with the triple integral of its divergence to illustrate Gauss's divergence theorem.
Check whether a number is divisible by 2 through 12 and learn the rules that justify each decision.
Translate a DNA or RNA sequence into amino acids using the standard genetic code.
Calculate the melting temperature of a DNA sequence using base composition and length. Useful for PCR primer design and molecular biology experiments.
Estimate sequencing coverage depth based on genome size, read length, and number of reads.
Predict your dog's whelping date using the typical 63 day gestation period and learn about each stage of canine pregnancy.
Apply anthropic reasoning to estimate an upper bound on humanity's future population using the controversial Doomsday Argument.
Determine the recommended rough opening for interior or exterior doors.
Approximate the chance of meeting someone who resembles you based on crowd size and the diversity of appearance traits.
Calculate the Doppler broadening of spectral lines due to thermal motion of particles.
Estimate the perceived frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving.
Approximate the value of a double integral over a rectangular region.
Determine fringe spacing and angular positions for Young's double-slit experiment from wavelength, slit separation, screen distance, and fringe order.
Compute the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag force on an object using density, velocity, drag coefficient, and cross-sectional area.
Compute optimal subsurface drainage tile spacing using soil hydraulic conductivity, drain depth, desired water table height, and drainage coefficient.
Size emitter spacing along a drip line based on plant water needs and irrigation schedule.
Estimate how long it will take to clear a driveway after snowfall and the volume of snow to move.
Estimate the probability of mid-air collisions in an autonomous drone swarm from fleet size, separation, sensor range, wind, and control latency.
Compare laundry costs of disposable dryer sheets and reusable wool dryer balls over time.
Estimate how often to clean a clothes dryer vent based on usage, vent length, and lint habits.
Estimate the impact of vent length and bends on dryer efficiency.
Estimate recommended screw spacing and total screws for drywall panels.
Evaluate payback time and annual value gained from adding a second monitor by estimating daily time savings.
Estimate the dumpster size and rental cost needed for debris based on weight, material density, and rental terms.
Generate D&D 5e ability scores using the classic 4d6 drop lowest method and view modifiers.
Find all complex roots of a polynomial using the Durand–Kerner method.
Estimate inner surface temperatures for a hypothetical Dyson sphere megastructure.
Estimate monthly commuting costs for an electric bike versus a car, factoring in energy, maintenance, and parking.
Estimate the financial impact of product returns by modeling return rates, shipping fees, restocking costs, and lost revenue.
Estimate the length of buried air tubes needed to cool incoming ventilation air using ground temperature.
Plan superadobe domes by estimating soil volume, bag count, and barbed wire length from dome diameter and wall thickness.
Assess internal erosion risk in earthen dams using hydraulic gradient, permeability, seepage length, and filter effectiveness.
Estimate how long it takes to heat a traditional cob or earthen oven based on mass, specific heat, and fire power.
Convert earthquake magnitude to energy release and TNT equivalent. Learn how seismic energy scales with magnitude and why these numbers matter for hazard assessment.
Estimate tire count, soil volume and weight for constructing a rammed-earth tire wall.
Compute the date of Western Easter Sunday for any year using the Meeus/Jones/Butcher algorithm.
Compute the maximum steady brightness a star can have before radiation pushes away infalling gas.
Calculate eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a 2x2 matrix. Useful for systems analysis, vibrations, and more.
Estimate the period and smoothing strength of a cyclic ekpyrotic cosmos from brane separation, velocity, and equation of state.
Determine final velocities after a one-dimensional elastic collision between two masses.
Estimate the achievable flight range of an electric aircraft using battery capacity, cruise power, speed and reserve energy.
Compute the electric field created by an ideal electric dipole at any point, or find dipole moment, distance, or angle from the same relation.
Find torque, dipole moment, electric field, or angle for a dipole in a uniform field.
Compute the resultant electric field from up to three point charges at any point in space using Coulomb's law and vector superposition.
Determine the energy stored in an electric field or solve for field strength from energy density.
Determine the electric field, charge, radius, or axial distance for a uniformly charged ring.
Compute the electric field surrounding an infinitely long line of charge using Gauss's law.
Compute the electric field produced by an infinite sheet of charge or find surface charge density using E = sigma / (2 epsilon0).
Calculate electric potential at a point due to up to three point charges and optional potential energy of a test charge.
Determine the electric potential energy between two point charges or solve for separation distance.
Determine electrical power, voltage, current, or resistance using P = VI and Ohm's law.
Compare the monthly energy cost of running an electric clothes dryer versus a gas dryer using local utility rates and laundry frequency.
Estimate yearly mowing expenses and find the break-even point between electric and gas-powered lawn mowers.
Compare commuting costs between electric and gasoline scooters. Calculate weekly expenses based on mileage, energy prices, and efficiency.
Estimate the energy efficiency of an electrochemical cell using theoretical and measured voltage and current.
Evaluate projectile energy, required current, and platform recoil for an electromagnetic railgun using mass, velocity, rail length, capacitance, and efficiency.
Solve for drift velocity, current, carrier density, charge, or cross-sectional area using v = I / (n q A).
Estimate electroosmotic flow in a nanofluidic channel using length, dimensions, voltage, zeta potential, permittivity, and viscosity.
Estimate the sphaleron energy barrier and baryon-number violating rate in the electroweak theory from the Higgs vacuum expectation value, gauge coupling, and temperature.
Calculate the area and approximate perimeter of an ellipse from its axes.
Check if an email address conforms to common formatting rules using a client-side regular expression.
Estimate how long it will take to reach inbox zero by factoring backlog size, processing speed, new email rate, and daily focus hours.
Estimate future email subscribers by modeling daily signups and unsubscribe rates over time.
Determine when to rotate stored emergency water supplies based on container type and storage date.
Compute electromagnetic field exposure from transmitter power, distance, and frequency using far-field formulas.
Estimate the probability of infrastructure damage from a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse using burst parameters and shielding.
Gauge the financial impact of losing an employee by combining recruiting, onboarding, and lost productivity costs.
Convert energy values between joules, kilojoules, calories, kilowatt-hours, BTU, and electronvolts.
Determine the ideal ethylene glycol and water mix to protect an engine across temperature extremes.
Approximate the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered through enhanced rock weathering based on rock mass, composition and reaction extent.
Estimate the probability and waiting time for a spontaneous decrease in entropy using Boltzmann's fluctuation formula.
Calculate enzyme reaction velocity using the Michaelis-Menten equation with substrate concentration, Km, and Vmax.
Determine the correct amounts of resin and hardener for epoxy projects using this easy mix ratio calculator.
Estimate the equilibrium constant for a reaction from reactant and product concentrations.
Compute the speed needed to escape a planetary body's gravitational pull.
Estimate the Euler–Mascheroni constant using harmonic numbers minus log(n).
Estimate energy used and money spent preheating or precooling an electric vehicle battery and cabin before driving.
Analyze payback period and lifetime value of repurposed EV batteries for home storage.
Estimate expected waiting time at an EV fast charging station using arrival rates, charge durations, and number of chargers.
Determine your precise age or the time between two dates in years, months, and days with this exact age calculator.
Estimate hourly excavation output using bucket capacity, cycle time, job efficiency, swell factor, and material density.
Calculate the expected brightness drop of a star during a planetary transit to estimate exoplanet size.
Estimate signal-to-noise for detecting an exoplanet transit using star magnitude, telescope size, transit depth and observing time.
Compute the expected value, variance, and standard deviation for a discrete random variable.
Model exponential growth or decay for any initial value, rate, and time using continuous or discrete formulas.
Compute the exponential moving average for a series of numbers and review the smoothing process in a detailed table.
Calculate factorials of non-negative integers with a single click using this client-side factorial calculator.
Predict how many hours you might spend building a multi-generation family tree.
Compute the rotation measure and polarization angle rotation of radio waves traversing a magnetized plasma.
Generate the Farey sequence of a given order n.
Estimate how long it takes for a fart to clear a room based on volume, ventilation rate, and smell threshold.
Apply the Cooley-Tukey FFT to a sequence of numbers to reveal frequency components.
Estimate CO2 volume generated during food fermentation to size jar headspace.
Compute the probability that an energy level is occupied in a solid using Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Compute scattering length and cross-section near a Feshbach resonance from magnetic field and resonance parameters.
Estimate how long post-production will take by entering footage length, editing pace, and review cycles.
Estimate the relic density of feebly interacting massive particles produced through freeze-in decays of a heavier bath species.
Determine when to service or replace household fire extinguishers based on type and last inspection.
Estimate firearm free recoil energy from bullet weight, muzzle velocity, powder charge, and gun weight using a simple momentum model.
Calculate the heat potential of your firewood stack. Choose wood species, amount in cords, and moisture content to see total BTUs.
Compute the Fisher information matrix for estimating the mean and variance of a normal distribution.
Compute Fisher's exact test for a 2x2 contingency table. Get an exact p-value even with small sample sizes using a hypergeometric probability model.
Estimate how many floating holiday hours you have left this year and plan future days off. Enter your total allotted hours, how many you've used, and pending requests.
Estimate flood recurrence intervals and exceedance probabilities from annual peak discharge records using the Weibull formula.
Estimate the maximum allowable span of a wood floor joist based on size, spacing, species properties, and applied loading using bending and deflection checks.
Apply the continuity equation A1 v1 = A2 v2 to compute unknown fluid velocity and flow rates for incompressible streams.
Estimate dehydrator drying time and final yield for fruits, vegetables, herbs, and meats using slice thickness and temperature.
Estimate final weight after dehydrating fruits, vegetables or meats using moisture content.
Estimate how much it costs to run a food dehydrator based on wattage, drying time, and electricity rates.
Calculate an American football passer rating using completions, attempts, yards, touchdowns, and interceptions. Learn the formula and how each statistic contributes to the final score.
Convert force units including newtons, kilonewtons, pounds-force, kilograms-force, dynes, and poundals with this force converter.
Estimate how much carbon a forest stores and sequesters annually based on area, tree density, and age. Understand your woodland's climate impact.
Estimate the likelihood that remains become fossilized using environment, burial rate, and decay factors.
Calculate the rate at which a Foucault pendulum's swing plane rotates based on latitude and explore the rich history and physics behind this classic experiment.
Estimate the fractal dimension from the number of pieces and scaling ratio.
Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on two fractions and receive results simplified and as decimals.
Simplify fractions or calculate addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with this browser-based fraction calculator. Perfect for students, teachers, and anyone working with ratios.
Convert numbers between fraction, decimal, and percent formats with a single tool.
Compute time of fall and impact velocity for an object dropped from any height with optional initial velocity.
Calculate when to defrost a manual freezer based on usage habits and humidity.
Determine how a solute lowers the freezing point of a solvent using ΔTf = i Kf m.
Calculate gravel and pipe volume for French drains based on trench dimensions and pipe size.
Calculate reflection coefficients for s- and p-polarized light when it strikes an interface between two media with different refractive indices.
Estimate the radius of the first Fresnel zone for radio links to evaluate obstruction effects.
Compute normal, static, and kinetic friction forces for an object on an incline using mass, coefficients of friction and gravity.
Compute the Frobenius norm of a matrix using squared element sums.
Compute the dimensionless Froude number for open-channel flows or ship hulls from velocity, characteristic length, and gravity.
Estimate how long it takes to thaw meat, poultry, or seafood using the refrigerator, cold water, or microwave methods based on weight.
Convert fructosamine lab results into estimated average glucose or reverse the calculation using validated formulas.
Estimate the minimum fuel injector flow rating needed for an engine based on horsepower, BSFC, and duty cycle.
Enter two functions f(x) and g(x) to compute the compositions f(g(x)) and g(f(x)) at a specified value.
Approximate the limit of a real-valued function at a point using successive refinement of left and right evaluations.
Estimate how quickly fungal spores will germinate based on temperature and species parameters.
Calculate the plasma triple product nTτ and compare it with Lawson criterion thresholds for fusion ignition.
Estimate tritium breeding ratio and shortfall risk for a deuterium-tritium fusion reactor based on blanket coverage, lithium enrichment, neutron multiplication, structural absorption, and target TBR.
Evaluate probability density and cumulative probability for the gamma distribution.
Evaluate the Gamow peak energy, width, and thermonuclear reaction rate for charged-particle fusion using basic astrophysical parameters.
Estimate when your garage door torsion or extension springs will wear out based on cycle rating and daily use. Schedule replacement before failure.
Estimate annual operating costs and break-even points between gas and electric water heaters.
Estimate one-loop gauge coupling unification scales and couplings by extrapolating Standard Model or MSSM beta functions.
Perform Gauss-Jordan elimination on a 2x2 or 3x3 system to reach reduced row-echelon form and solve for unknowns.
Solve 2x2 or 3x3 linear systems using the Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm.
Estimate how a laser beam expands with distance using the Gaussian beam propagation formula.
Apply the Gaussian elimination method to solve 2x2 or 3x3 linear systems.
Calculate the percentage of guanine and cytosine bases in a DNA sequence with this GC content calculator.
Find the greatest common divisor and least common multiple of any two numbers using this handy calculator. Ideal for students, teachers, and anyone needing quick math help.
Calculate pitch line velocity of gears from diameter and rotational speed. Useful for machinery design and gear selection.
Determine the approximate carat weight of a faceted gemstone based on its dimensions, specific gravity, and a shape factor.
Estimate the probability of a gene drive spreading through a wild population using release fraction, drive efficiency, fitness cost, reproduction, and migration.
Average multiple DNA test percentages to create a combined ancestry profile and calculate a diversity score.
Compute approximate strut lengths for 2V or 3V geodesic domes based on radius.
Estimate the probability of power-grid transformer damage from geomagnetically induced currents using storm intensity, ground resistivity, line length, and transformer age.
Compute probabilities for the geometric distribution and explore its properties.
Compute the nth term and sum of a geometric series by entering the first term, common ratio, and number of terms.
Approximate required ground loop length for a ground-source heat pump.
Estimate probability of injection-triggered earthquakes for geothermal reservoirs using injection rate, pressure increase, fault density, historical seismicity, and population distance.
Evaluate the revenue, costs, and profit margin of a delivery-only ghost kitchen by entering order volume, menu pricing, commissions, and overhead.
Plan spectacular giant soap bubbles by computing surface area, volume, and expected lifetime based on diameter, humidity, temperature, and glycerin content.
Use enthalpy, entropy, and temperature to compute Gibbs free energy and determine whether a reaction is thermodynamically favorable.
Estimate the neutrino-electron interaction cross-section near the Glashow resonance at 6.3 PeV using a simple Breit–Wigner approximation.
Find the precise times for morning and evening golden hour anywhere in the world. Enter a date and location to see when soft sunlight will enhance your photos.
Compute the Goldreich–Julian number density and polar-cap potential drop of a pulsar from its period, magnetic field, and radius.
Estimate how quickly a rumor permeates a group using a simple contact model with transmission probability.
Apply Graham's law to relate effusion rates and molar masses of gases. Solve for any unknown rate or molar mass and learn the kinetic theory behind the formula.
Compute the chromatic number of a small graph and produce a valid coloring using backtracking.
Use our Graphing Scientific Calculator to evaluate complex expressions, plot functions, integrate equations and share interactive graphs.
Estimate gravitationally induced decoherence timescales using the Diósi–Penrose criterion for a mass superposition.
Solve for the gravitational field, ring mass, radius, or axial distance for a uniformly massive ring.
Quickly compute gravitational force between two masses with our Gravitational Force Calculator. Perfect for physics students and science enthusiasts.
Compute the relative arrival time between multiple images of a point-mass gravitational lens using the full Fermat potential.
Estimate the peak magnification and Einstein radius for a gravitational microlensing event given lens mass, distances, and impact parameter.
Find gravitational potential, mass, or distance from Newton's universal law of gravitation.
Determine the gravitational potential energy of an object based on its mass, height, and gravitational acceleration.
Calculate the gravitational redshift of light escaping from a massive object using mass and radius.
Estimate how gravity slows the passage of time near massive objects using general relativity.
Estimate the nonlinear memory strain step produced by a burst of gravitational waves given the radiated energy and source distance.
Estimate the dimensionless strain amplitude of gravitational waves from a compact binary system using component masses, signal frequency, and distance.
Estimate the relic density of thermally produced gravitinos from reheating temperature and mass.
Compute the stored energy and average discharge power of a gravity battery from lifted mass, elevation change, efficiency and release duration.
Estimate travel time, chord length, maximum depth, and peak speed for a gravity train tunnel through a uniform-density planet.
Estimate the structural load of a vegetated roof by entering area, soil depth, and material density.
Numerically verify Green's theorem for a vector field over a rectangle.
See how much it costs to heat your greenhouse by entering area, temperature difference, and energy price. Learn tips to minimize fuel expenses.
Estimate how much thermal mass you need to stabilize temperatures in a greenhouse and calculate the energy it can store.
Estimate the time required for a self-replicating nanobot swarm to consume a target mass in a hypothetical grey goo scenario.
Estimate the surface area of a constructed reed bed needed to treat household greywater based on flow and retention time.
Calculate ground sampling distance (GSD) from sensor pixel size, focal length, and flight altitude to determine aerial photo resolution.
Compute groundwater seepage velocity and contaminant travel time using Darcy's Law, hydraulic gradient, porosity, and distance.
Estimate monthly energy consumption and cost of indoor grow lights by entering wattage, hours of operation, number of fixtures, and your electricity rate.
Estimate how often to clean house gutters based on tree coverage, roof size, and rainfall.
Calculate the required drop for residential gutters based on length and slope recommendations.
Estimate the photopion production threshold and attenuation length for ultra-high energy protons interacting with the CMB.
Estimate the critical radius for closed timelike curves in the Gödel universe and evaluate the matter density required for a given cosmic rotation.
Compute the Hadamard product of two matrices of the same size.
Determine if your dough requires separating challah, and whether to recite a blessing, by entering the amount of flour.
Estimate laminar volumetric flow through a circular tube using the Hagen–Poiseuille equation.
Compute Hall voltage, current, magnetic field, carrier density, or thickness from the Hall effect relation V_H = I B / (n q t).
Estimate strap tension and anchor forces for a hammock based on body weight, hang angle and safety factor.
Estimate allele frequencies and expected genotype counts to test Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Compute the harmonic mean of a sequence of positive numbers.
Compute the discrete Hartley transform of a sequence and explore its relationship to the Fourier transform.
Generate MD5 or SHA-256 hashes instantly with this browser-based hash generator. Useful for verifying downloads and creating unique fingerprints.
Compute the Hawking–Page transition temperature and black-hole mass in AdS space from the AdS curvature radius.
Calculate the number of hay bales and total tons harvested from field size, yield per acre, and bale weight.
Compute heat flow through a slab using Fourier's law; solve for rate, conductivity, area, temperature difference, or thickness.
Solve the one-dimensional heat equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Evaluate NTU, effectiveness, heat transfer rate, and outlet temperatures for parallel or counterflow heat exchangers.
Determine the heat transfer area for a simple exchanger using flow rate, heat capacity, and temperature change.
Calculate the heat index easily with our Heat Index Calculator. Combine temperature and humidity to see the true feel outside and learn safety tips for extreme heat.
Calculate heat loss through walls, windows, and other surfaces using area, U-value, and temperature difference. Learn how insulation levels affect energy efficiency.
Estimate the thermal energy required to melt a substance using its mass and specific heat of fusion. Learn how the latent heat equation applies to ice, metals, and more.
Compute the thermal energy required to vaporize a substance using its mass and specific latent heat of vaporization. Learn about evaporation, phase change thermodynamics, and real-world applications.
Estimate the seasonal efficiency reduction in air-source heat pumps caused by defrost cycles and assess the likelihood of major energy penalties.
Estimate annual heating costs for a heat pump versus a traditional furnace. Enter your heating load, energy prices, and system efficiencies to see which option saves more.
Estimate heating energy and cost savings from installing a heat recovery ventilator.
Determine temperature rise from power dissipation and thermal resistance, or evaluate the required heat sink performance.
Calculate the gematria value of Hebrew words or phrases with this easy tool.
Convert dates between the Hebrew and Gregorian calendars with this client-side tool.
Explore the relationship between position and momentum uncertainty using the Heisenberg principle.
Estimate loss of reflected solar energy due to heliostat blocking and shadowing using spacing, mirror area, sun elevation, and tower height, and gauge the probability of efficiency dropping below design targets.
Compute the nearly uniform magnetic field at the center of a Helmholtz coil pair from coil radius, turns, and current.
Compute the resonant frequency of a cavity and neck using the Helmholtz formula. Useful for speaker enclosures and noise control.
Estimate hemp hurd, lime binder, and water quantities for casting hempcrete walls based on area and thickness.
Compute physicists' or probabilists' Hermite polynomials and learn about their properties.
Estimate the burst altitude of a high-altitude balloon based on gas expansion and atmospheric pressure.
Generate Hilbert matrices and estimate their condition numbers.
Estimate the Hill sphere radius around a planet given stellar mass, planetary mass, and orbital distance.
Create a histogram from data by choosing the number of bins and viewing counts and intervals.
Compute the velocity changes and flight duration for a Hohmann transfer between two circular orbits. Useful for mission planning and orbital mechanics lessons.
Predict how much electricity you could save by automating lights and appliances. Enter your current usage and automation efficiency to see the potential annual reduction.
Estimate savings from charging a home battery off-peak and discharging during peak rates.
Determine how long it takes for a professional energy audit to pay for itself. Input audit cost and estimated annual savings from improvements.
Find out how much powering your home office costs each month based on wattage, usage hours, and electric rates.
Calculate spring force and potential energy from a given spring constant and displacement using Hooke's law.
Estimate how much hay a horse needs each day and per month by entering body weight, feeding percentage, and bale weight. Ideal for stable budgeting and nutrition.
Calculate how large a hot air balloon needs to be to lift a specific payload based on temperatures inside and outside the envelope.
Determine how much liquid to add to raise or lower the heat of your hot sauce. Input the current Scoville units, desired heat, volume, and the diluting liquid's heat.
Estimate how long it will take to heat your hot tub based on water volume, heater power, and starting temperature. Learn energy-saving tips for spa owners.
Estimate how often to change your hot tub water based on volume and bather load.
Estimate the energy in kWh and cost required to heat water based on volume, temperature rise, heater efficiency, and electricity price.
Estimate the monthly energy cost of running a recirculation pump and keeping hot water moving through pipes to reduce wait time at the tap.
Calculate the cost of a dripping faucet or hidden household water leak based on drip rate, duration, and local water prices.
Build the Householder reflection matrix for a given vector and see its effect.
Calculate the distance to distant galaxies using Hubble's Law v = H0 d or redshift. Understand how cosmic expansion relates recessional velocity to distance.
Estimate wood and soil volumes for building a hugelkultur mound.
Estimate the proper duct diameter for heating and cooling systems using airflow (CFM) and duct length. Improve efficiency and reduce noise.
Quantify extra fan energy and cost caused by running HVAC systems with clogged filters using pressure drop and airflow inputs.
Estimate when to change residential HVAC filters based on thickness, MERV rating, and household conditions.
Estimate downstream depth and energy dissipation for a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel using upstream depth and velocity.
Compute hydraulic pump power from flow rate, pressure and efficiency. Understand energy transfer in fluid power systems.
Estimate delivered flow from a hydraulic ram pump using drive flow, drive head and delivery head with an efficiency factor.
Estimate the probability of component failure due to hydrogen embrittlement using pressure, temperature, strength, and exposure time.
Gauge the probability of an explosive hydrogen release from storage tanks using pressure, volume, temperature, ventilation, and ignition likelihood.
Estimate the slope and drop needed for a hydroponic nutrient film technique channel to maintain a thin flowing film.
Calculate the exact amount of nutrient concentrate needed for your hydroponic system based on reservoir size and desired strength.
Estimate how much acid or base to add to your hydroponic system to reach the desired pH.
Calculate hydrostatic pressure in water or any liquid by entering density, depth, and gravity. Learn why pressure increases with depth and how it applies to engineering, diving, and everyday science.
Compute vertices, foci, asymptotes, and eccentricity of a hyperbola in standard form.
Generate stitch counts for crocheting hyperbolic surfaces based on desired curvature and gauge.
Evaluate probabilities for draws without replacement from a finite population.
Validate or create an International Bank Account Number (IBAN) using the official MOD97 algorithm with this client-side tool.
Estimate how long your ice cream will last before melting with our Ice Cream Melt Time Calculator. Plan picnics and parties without worrying about sticky messes.
Estimate potential calving volume and risk from ice shelf thickness, crevasse depth, surface melt rate, and tidal stress.
Compute any variable of the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) using this convenient calculator. Enter values for three of the variables and quickly solve for the fourth. Useful for chemistry and physics students.
Resize pictures directly in your browser by drawing them to an HTML canvas.
Compute impulse, change in momentum, and final velocity from mass, initial velocity, force, and time using the impulse-momentum theorem.
Compute force components, friction, and acceleration for a block on an inclined plane with optional friction.
Calculate how often to water indoor plants based on pot size, temperature, humidity, and light levels.
Compute the energy stored in an inductor from its inductance and current using E=1/2LI^2.
Combine up to five inductors in series or parallel and compute the equivalent inductance and stored magnetic energy.
Compute final velocities after a one-dimensional collision using masses, initial speeds, and the coefficient of restitution.
Determine required length and drainage performance of a stormwater infiltration trench.
Evaluate the factor of safety for an infinite slope using soil cohesion, friction angle, unit weight, slope angle, and failure depth.
Compute slow-roll parameters ε, η, spectral index n_s, and tensor ratio r for monomial inflationary potentials.
Convert cooking ingredients between weight and volume using density data for common pantry items.
Compute Instagram engagement rate from likes, comments, shares, saves, and followers to benchmark content effectiveness.
Calculate the formation rate of molecules on interstellar dust grains by combining number densities, temperature and a cosmic-ray factor.
Decompose simple rational expressions and compute the inverse Laplace transform.
Convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses between decimal, hexadecimal, and binary formats.
Determine the ISO-8601 week number for any date with explanations, formulas and sample tables.
Estimate the thickness of the crustal root beneath a mountain using Airy isostasy and explore how elevation and density contrasts control isostatic balance.
Compute the Jeans escape parameter to evaluate how easily atmospheric particles escape a planet's gravity.
Compute the Jeans length and Jeans mass for a gas cloud given its temperature, density, and mean molecular weight.
Compute the directional bearing toward Jerusalem from any location using latitude and longitude coordinates.
Find the Jordan canonical form of a 2x2 matrix.
Format and validate JSON instantly with our JSON Formatter tool. Paste your JSON and get a clean, indented version.
Convert JSON arrays to CSV format entirely in your browser. Paste your JSON and get a comma-separated file instantly.
Compute the repeating segments, field-of-view, and symmetry type of a kaleidoscope from its mirror angle.
Perform a single Kalman filter prediction and update step for a scalar state.
Compute the mass spectrum of Kaluza–Klein modes for a compact extra dimension.
Find out how much weight your kayak can safely carry. Input the manufacturer rating along with paddler and gear weight to avoid overloading.
Compute the Keldysh parameter and ponderomotive energy for laser-driven strong-field ionization, classifying regimes between multiphoton and tunneling limits.
Estimate the exponential growth rate and e-folding time for the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability given densities, velocities, and perturbation wavelength.
Compute Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient for paired data and explore concordant and discordant pair relationships.
Estimate the innermost stable circular orbit of a Kerr black hole and its orbital frequency.
Compute the quasinormal mode frequency, damping time, and quality factor for the fundamental ringdown of a spinning Kerr black hole.
Evaluate the inner and outer horizons, angular velocity, electric potential, and surface gravity of a Kerr–Newman black hole from its mass, spin and charge.
Estimate the risk of runaway orbital debris collisions using object density, cross-section, velocity, time, and fragmentation.
Estimate your risk of kidney failure within two years using the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) with age, eGFR, and albumin-creatinine ratio inputs.
Estimate freeze-out scales and defect densities produced during a continuous phase transition using Kibble–Zurek scaling arguments.
Compute kinetic energy and momentum from mass and velocity using classical mechanics.
Estimate the coefficient of relationship and kinship between two individuals by entering their generational distance to a common ancestor and the number of independent ancestral paths.
Estimate lacquer and gold quantities for kintsugi pottery repair from crack length, width, depth, and gold fraction.
Determine the topological phase and Majorana number of a Kitaev chain from chemical potential, hopping, and pairing.
Find the exact spine height needed to sharpen a knife at a chosen angle.
Easily convert knitting pattern gauge to match your own swatch. Enter stitches per unit and see the adjusted stitch count for any project.
Estimate Kolmogorov length, time, and velocity scales from viscosity and dissipation rate.
Compute the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic and p-value to compare empirical distributions.
Plan your kombucha fermentation by balancing temperature and time. Input room temperature and desired tartness to estimate when your brew will be ready.
Estimate the Kosterlitz–Thouless transition temperature from areal superfluid density and particle mass.
Estimate travel times and exotic energy requirements for a hypothetical Krasnikov tube enabling superluminal return journeys.
Perform the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test on three or more samples and understand the ranking method behind it.
Estimate the energy and power needed to create a kugelblitz black hole from concentrated light.
Compute KL divergence, reverse KL, cross-entropy and Jensen–Shannon divergence between two discrete distributions.
Estimate positions of the collinear Lagrange points L1, L2, and L3 for any two-body system.
Calculate laminar flow rate through a cylindrical pipe using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. Determine volumetric flow based on pressure drop, pipe radius, viscosity, and length.
Estimate the Landau damping rate of electrostatic Langmuir waves in a Maxwellian plasma.
Compute adiabatic and diabatic transition probabilities for a two-level system crossing using the Landau–Zener formula.
Calculate the Langelier Saturation Index from water chemistry to assess scaling or corrosion potential.
Solve the two-dimensional Laplace equation on a rectangular domain using an iterative Gauss-Seidel scheme.
Relate the higher-dimensional fundamental Planck scale to the size of compact extra dimensions in ADD gravity models.
Estimate the Larmor precession frequency of a charged particle in a magnetic field using charge, mass, and field strength.
Estimate the gyroradius of a charged particle moving through a magnetic field or solve for velocity, field strength, mass or charge.
Compute free spectral range and longitudinal mode frequencies for a laser cavity using its length and refractive index.
Determine how much to offset designs to account for laser kerf width.
Compute the energy required for melting, vaporization, or other phase changes using Q = mL.
Find out how much it really costs to do laundry at home or the laundromat. Enter washer and dryer power, water usage, detergent cost, and electricity price to see per-load expenses.
Calculate the optimal amount of detergent for each load based on weight, soil level, water hardness and concentration.
Estimate how long it takes for clothes to dry based on weather and airflow.
Estimate blob rise velocity, fall velocity, and full cycle time in a lava lamp from densities, viscosity, blob size, and lamp height.
Determine how many weeks until your lawn mower blade should be sharpened based on mowing habits and soil conditions.
Determine how long to run sprinklers using desired water depth and precipitation rate.
Estimate demand during lead time to plan inventory and avoid stockouts.
Estimate your lean body mass using the Boer, James, and Hume equations. Compare results and understand how body composition influences fitness and health.
Determine whether a given year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar and find the surrounding leap years.
Calculate the ideal reheating time and method to revive your leftover pizza slices. No more soggy crusts with our Leftover Pizza Reheat Calculator.
Estimate how long leftovers stay safe in the fridge based on food type and storage temperature.
Convert lengths between meters, kilometers, miles, feet, inches and more with this simple length converter.
Compute the interaction energy between two neutral atoms using the Lennard-Jones potential and learn about van der Waals forces.
Calculate the focal length of a lens using the lens maker's formula based on radii of curvature and refractive index.
Estimate frame-dragging precession rates around a rotating mass using the Lense–Thirring effect.
Evaluate focal length or curvature radii of a lens using the lensmaker's equation for thin or thick lenses.
Analyze the frequency of letters in a block of text and explore the history and mathematics of frequency analysis used in cryptography and linguistics.
Compute the mechanical advantage of a lever and the effort force required to lift a load using basic distance inputs.
Estimate the chance of stumbling upon a specific phrase within Borges' Library of Babel.
Evaluate thermal and Dingle damping factors for de Haas–van Alphen oscillations using the Lifshitz–Kosevich formula.
Calculate how many footcandles a space receives or how many lumens you need for proper lighting based on room size.
Estimate lime, sand, fiber, and water requirements for natural plaster projects.
Compute slope, midpoint, and slope-intercept equation of a line defined by two points.
Evaluate line integrals of planar vector fields along parametric curves using Simpson's rule.
Solve equations of the form ax + by = c for integers x and y using the extended Euclidean algorithm.
Solve one-variable linear equations of the form ax + b = c with step-by-step results.
Solve for momentum, mass, or velocity using the classic relation p = m v.
Enter paired X and Y data to compute the slope, intercept, and R-squared of a simple linear regression.
Calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR) for farm animals. Enter starting weight, ending weight, and feed consumed to measure efficiency.
Estimate span time, mature diameter, and load capacity for living root bridges trained from fig trees.
Find the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) for parallel or counterflow heat exchangers based on inlet and outlet temperatures.
Compute logarithms with any base. Enter a positive value and base to see log_b(x) calculated instantly.
Model population growth with carrying capacity using the logistic equation. Explore how growth rate, initial population, and time influence size.
Calculate the chance of receiving a rare loot drop in video games. Enter drop rate and number of attempts to see overall probability.
Generate customizable lorem ipsum filler text directly in your browser.
Determine the magnitude of the Lorentz force on a moving charge in electric and magnetic fields. Explore electromagnetic forces with charge, velocity, and field inputs.
Transform spacetime coordinates between inertial frames moving at relativistic speeds using the Lorentz transformation.
Simulate interacting predator and prey populations with the classic Lotka–Volterra equations.
Compute the probability of winning a lottery based on the numbers drawn and the size of the number pool.
Break down a 3x3 matrix into lower and upper triangular matrices for linear algebra and numerical methods.
Apply the Lucas-Lehmer test to determine whether 2^p-1 is prime.
Estimate the wear and failure probability of equipment exposed to abrasive lunar regolith dust.
Determine whether an upcoming lunar eclipse will be visible from your location based on altitude and time.
Estimate the inflaton field excursion implied by a tensor-to-scalar ratio using the Lyth bound.
Estimate wait times and queue lengths in an M/M/1 system using arrival and service rates.
Determine suggested tzedakah amounts from income using maaser and enhanced giving levels.
Compute the Mach angle formed by shock waves around supersonic objects from their Mach number.
Compute the magnetic field along the axis of a dipole given its moment and distance.
Compute energy density of a magnetic field or solve for field strength from stored energy.
Compute magnetic field at the center of a circular loop or solve for current and radius using B = μ₀ I / (2R).
Compute the magnetic field near a straight finite wire or solve for current, distance, or endpoint angles.
Calculate the magnetic field strength produced by a current-carrying long straight wire using Ampère's law.
Compute magnetic flux and flux linkage from field strength, area, orientation, and coil turns.
Compute the magnetic force per unit length or total force between two long parallel current-carrying wires.
Evaluate the force on a wire in a magnetic field or solve for current, field strength, length, or angle using F = I L B sin θ.
Determine the magnetic Reynolds number for moving conductive fluids and evaluate magnetic field diffusion.
Estimate the fastest-growing mode and e-folding time for the magnetorotational instability in a rotating, weakly magnetized disk.
Estimate external time and operations achievable by a computer orbiting just above a black hole horizon before a Malament–Hogarth observer crosses the horizon.
Compute the Mann–Whitney U statistic for two independent samples and approximate the p-value using the normal distribution.
Estimate recommended weight limits and lifting index using the NIOSH equation for manual material handling.
Compute the handle force needed to operate a manual well pump based on depth, cylinder size, and lever arm ratios.
Calculate survey margin of error using sample size, population size, proportion and confidence level.
Estimate ideal marinating duration and marinade volume for various proteins and styles.
Create Markdown tables by entering rows and columns, previewing the output instantly.
Estimate how many years a Mars settlement would take to become self-sufficient based on launch capacity, ISRU efficiency, population growth, and life support needs.
Estimate heat shield thickness consumed during Martian atmospheric entry and evaluate burn-through risk
Convert weights and masses between kilograms, grams, pounds, ounces and more with this mass converter.
Convert mass to energy or energy to mass using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E=mc^2.
Compute the natural frequency, period, maximum speed, and energy of a mass-spring oscillator using Hooke's law.
Add or subtract two 2x2 or 3x3 matrices and see the resulting matrices instantly.
Compute the cofactor matrix, adjugate, and determinant for 2x2 or 3x3 matrices.
Evaluate the 2-norm condition number of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix to understand numerical stability in solving systems.
Calculate the determinant of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix to understand linear transformations.
Compute the inverse of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix instantly. Ideal for linear algebra, physics, and engineering applications.
Approximate the matrix logarithm of a 2x2 matrix using eigen decomposition.
Compute the product of two matrices with adjustable dimensions and see the result instantly.
Compute a basis for the null space of a 3x3 matrix using row reduction and the rank-nullity theorem.
Find the rank of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix using row reduction.
Compute the principal square root of a 2x2 matrix.
Explore the energy balance between information erasure and work extraction in a Maxwell's demon thought experiment.
Determine the most probable, average, and root-mean-square speeds of gas molecules using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
Compute the mean absolute deviation (MAD) for a set of numbers.
Estimate mean arterial pressure from systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements.
Enter a list of numbers to instantly compute the mean, median, and mode. Explore central tendency with this easy calculator.
Estimate combined and expanded uncertainty from multiple sources to report reliable measurements.
Relate kinetic and potential energies to solve for speed or height using conservation of mechanical energy.
Estimate cost per keystroke and lifespan for a mechanical keyboard based on switch rating, price, and daily typing volume.
Compute mechanical power from force and velocity or solve for any variable in P = F v.
Calculate how many seconds per day your mechanical watch gains or loses by comparing actual elapsed time to a 24 hour reference.
Determine the work performed by a constant force, with optional power and resulting speed estimates, and learn how the work-energy principle describes energy transfer.
Calculate the median absolute deviation (MAD) of a dataset to assess variability resistant to outliers.
Estimate the cumulative stress reduction from maintaining a meditation streak. Enter session length and frequency to see your progress.
Compute a simple Mellin transform using numerical integration, with an overview of its applications in analysis.
Estimate fatigue life of a metal component using Basquin's equation and Miner's rule for variable amplitude loading.
Estimate how many meteors you might see during a shower based on radiant altitude, limiting magnitude, and observing time.
Compute enzyme reaction rates using the Michaelis-Menten equation. Explore how substrate concentration, Vmax, and Km affect catalytic speed.
Estimate electrical power from a microbial fuel cell using substrate concentration, flow rate, Coulombic efficiency and cell voltage.
Plan microgreen production by calculating yield, revenue, and energy costs for indoor growing operations.
Estimate the probability that a microgrid fails to island successfully using load variability, storage capacity, detection time, inverter capability, and renewable penetration.
Estimate friction head loss in a microhydro penstock using the Hazen-Williams equation to gauge net head.
Estimate daily microplastic intake from water and food sources and evaluate potential exposure risk per kilogram of body weight.
Estimate yearly microplastic ingestion from drinking water and food sources with assumed particle mass.
Generate fret positions for any equal division of the octave and explore microtonal tuning frequencies.
Find the midpoint, slope, distance, and equation of the line through two points.
Calculate the spacing between lattice planes in cubic crystals using Miller indices and lattice constants.
Generate a schedule of quick mindfulness breaks to reduce stress and boost focus. Enter your work hours, break length, and frequency.
Determine the minimal polynomial of a 2x2 matrix using eigenvalues and algebraic tests.
Construct the minimum spanning tree of a small weighted graph using Kruskal's algorithm.
Convert between mixed numbers and improper fractions with step-by-step arithmetic and a decimal approximation.
Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, or exponentiation modulo n using a lightweight browser-based tool.
Compute principal stresses and orientation using Mohr's circle from plane stress components.
Compute molality of a solution from mass of solute, molar mass, and mass of solvent. Learn how molality differs from molarity.
Determine the molar mass of a compound by entering its chemical formula. Useful for stoichiometry and laboratory preparations.
Calculate molar concentration of a solution with our Molarity Calculator. Perfect for chemistry students and lab professionals.
Compute discharge duration of a molten salt thermal energy storage system using volume, temperatures, heat capacity and plant power draw.
Compute the moment of inertia for basic shapes such as rods, disks, and spheres. Learn how mass distribution affects rotational motion.
Estimate the likelihood of mishearing song lyrics based on audio clarity, lyric complexity, listener familiarity, and background noise.
Generate a calendar for any month and year directly in your browser and learn how calendars work, from leap years to day-of-week algorithms.
Estimate your mosquito bite risk based on local density, exposure time, and personal susceptibility. Learn prevention tips to enjoy evenings outside.
Determine when to reapply mosquito repellent based on active ingredient and activity level.
Estimate coverage and time for moss graffiti installations using logistic growth adjusted by moisture availability.
Calculate the electromotive force induced in a moving conductor cutting through a magnetic field.
Convert mouse sensitivity when changing DPI settings to keep the same effective sensitivity across games.
Compare the total cost of renting a moving truck and doing it yourself versus hiring professional movers.
Convert between miles per gallon and liters per 100 kilometers with this simple fuel efficiency calculator.
Compare data egress charges across major cloud providers for a given transfer volume.
Create custom multiplication tables up to 20×20 for practicing times tables.
Determine how much water to add to mushroom substrate to reach a desired moisture content.
Calculate how long it takes to traverse magical portals using distance, portal power, and dimensional complexity. A whimsical companion for portal-hopping adventurers.
Size the planted regeneration zone for a natural swimming pool and estimate pump flow to circulate water through biofilters.
Compute probabilities for the negative binomial distribution including PMF, cumulative probability, mean and variance.
Estimate a walkability score by entering nearby amenities, transit options, and sidewalk coverage.
Determine electrode potentials using the Nernst equation. Explore how concentration and temperature affect cell voltage.
Calculate Net Promoter Score from survey responses to gauge customer loyalty and satisfaction.
Calculate theoretical firing rates of neurons based on refractory period and observation time.
Estimate the freeze-out temperature, redshift, and cosmic time when neutrinos decouple from the primordial plasma.
Compute the matter density that yields Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein resonance for neutrino oscillations.
Estimate two-flavor neutrino oscillation probability using baseline distance, energy, mixing angle, and mass-squared difference.
Estimate the half-life for neutrinoless double beta decay from the effective Majorana mass, phase-space factor, and nuclear matrix element.
Compute the required thickness of common materials to reduce a neutron flux by a desired attenuation factor using exponential removal cross sections.
Estimate the compactness and dimensionless tidal deformability Λ of a neutron star from its mass, radius, and Love number.
Forecast monthly newsletter sponsorship revenue from subscriber count, open rate, click rate, and ad pricing.
Generate an interpolation polynomial using Newton's divided differences.
Predict how an object's temperature approaches the ambient environment over time using Newton's Law of Cooling. Enter initial and surrounding temperatures, a cooling constant, and elapsed time.
Solve for force, mass, or acceleration using Newton's second law F = ma.
Compute probability density and cumulative probability for the normal distribution.
Determine downstream Mach number and property ratios across a normal shock in a perfect gas.
Estimate the binding energy of an atomic nucleus from its mass and composition. Learn how mass defect relates to stability and energy release.
Approximate the decay heat power from spent nuclear fuel after shutdown using a simple empirical formula.
Compute the Q-value of a nuclear reaction using the masses of reactants and products in atomic mass units.
Estimate how long a reactor must wait after shutdown for xenon-135 levels to decay to near-equilibrium.
Estimate time required for spent nuclear fuel to cool to a safe heat output.
Determine your numerology life path number from your birth date and explore its meaning.
Estimate how long a battery bank can power a refrigerator without recharging using capacity, depth of discharge, and energy use.
Estimate annual lightning strike probability for an offshore wind turbine using flash density, turbine dimensions and grounding.
Determine the current day of the Omer based on a Gregorian date with Hebrew calendar logic.
Determine your estimated one-repetition maximum (1RM) using weight and repetitions to plan safe strength training workouts.
Perform a one-way analysis of variance on up to four groups and compute the F-statistic and p-value.
Adjust tempo in beats per minute and practice rhythm with a browser-based metronome.
Determine the numerical aperture of an optical fiber and estimate its acceptance angle from core and cladding indices.
Compute circular orbital speed and period from central mass and orbital radius using Newtonian gravity.
Determine resonant frequencies for open or closed organ pipes using pipe length, temperature, and harmonic count.
Estimate your garden's potential harvest by entering plot size, plant density, average yield per plant, and a soil quality factor.
Compute exit velocity and volume flow rate for a sharp-edged orifice using Torricelli's law and a discharge coefficient.
Project a vector onto a subspace spanned by up to three basis vectors using matrix formulas.
Compute osmotic pressure of dilute solutions using the van't Hoff equation. Enter molarity, temperature, and the van't Hoff factor.
Compute potential electric output from an ocean thermal energy conversion system using water temperatures, mass flow and efficiency.
Estimate the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle using compression ratio and heat capacity ratio.
Convert oven settings among Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Gas Mark for precise baking and roasting.
Compute PageRank scores for a small directed graph. Enter a 5x5 adjacency matrix and a damping factor to simulate the algorithm behind search engine rankings.
Determine whether a word, phrase, or number reads identically forward and backward with this client-side palindrome checker.
Estimate how many boxes fit on a pallet based on dimensions and stacking height.
Create a rotation schedule for pantry items to minimize waste and keep food supplies fresh.
Compute the thickness of a sheet of paper after repeated folding using a simple exponential model.
Estimate how long shredding documents will take and how many waste bags you'll need.
Compare disposable paper towel spending with the long-term cost of reusable cloths to find the most economical cleaning method.
Convert between U.S. basis weight in pounds and international grams per square meter using basis sheet dimensions.
Compute the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry for a parabola given in standard form y = ax^2 + bx + c.
Estimate the terminal velocity and landing energy of a parachutist based on canopy size, mass, and drag coefficient.
Find equations of lines parallel or perpendicular to a given line that pass through a specific point.
Determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor from its area, plate separation, and dielectric constant. Useful for electronics design and physics experiments.
Compute the area, perimeter, height, and diagonal lengths of a parallelogram from side lengths and an included angle.
Find the discrete energy levels of a particle in an infinite potential well using quantum mechanical principles.
Generate rows of Pascal's Triangle and explore binomial coefficients interactively.
Calculate approximate amounts of key Seder items based on your number of guests.
Check how strong your password is with this client-side password strength checker. Learn tips on creating secure passwords.
Compute how much water and salt to use for boiling pasta based on pasta weight and desired salinity.
Estimate how many animals a pasture can support by accounting for forage yield, utilization rate, animal intake, and grazing duration.
Estimate DNA quantity after polymerase chain reaction cycles based on efficiency and starting template.
Calculate reagent volumes for multiple PCR reactions with this handy tool.
Estimate how long it takes to recharge a battery with a human-powered pedal generator.
Design mesmerizing pendulum wave installations by computing individual lengths that return to alignment after a chosen duration.
Estimate the maximal energy obtainable from a rotating black hole via the Penrose process.
Estimate spoilage risk for refrigerated foods using temperature excursions, baseline shelf life, and microbial growth kinetics.
Estimate seasonal permafrost thaw depth from thawing degree days, soil thermal conductivity, density, and ice content.
Calculate permutations and combinations for any set size directly in your browser. Great for statistics students and anyone exploring probability.
Compute the power conversion efficiency of a perovskite solar cell using open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, and incident light power.
Find the perpendicular bisector of a segment from two endpoints and explore its properties.
Project the remaining time until a hypothetical Big Rip singularity given an exotic equation-of-state parameter and Hubble constant.
Compute thermal energy stored in a phase change material from mass, specific heats, latent heat and temperature range.
Estimate brightness decay, half-life, and luminous energy for glow-in-the-dark coatings using exponential afterglow models.
Calculate how much disk space your photos will consume by entering the number of images and average file size. Learn tips for organizing and backing up your growing archive.
Determine the kinetic energy of photoelectrons by entering light wavelength or frequency and the material work function.
Compute photon energy from wavelength or frequency using Planck's relation. Learn how light's quantum nature connects energy to electromagnetic waves.
Calculate photon momentum, energy, or wavelength using Planck's relation.
Find the oscillation period of a physical pendulum using its moment of inertia, mass, distance to the center of mass, and gravity.
Determine the date for a Pidyon HaBen ceremony based on birth details and halachic day reckoning.
Evaluate custom piecewise-defined functions at any input value directly in your browser.
Compute the electricity produced by piezoelectric roadway modules from vehicle load, displacement, efficiency and traffic flow.
Calculate how many liters or gallons per minute flow through a round pipe. Enter diameter and velocity to see results instantly.
Calculate pixel density (PPI) from screen dimensions in pixels and diagonal size in inches. Useful for understanding display sharpness.
Estimate external bounce time and minimum radius for a hypothetical Planck star using loop quantum gravity scaling relations.
Compute fundamental Planck units such as length, time, mass, and temperature using gravitational, quantum, and relativistic constants.
Find out how old you would be on Mars, Jupiter, and other planets using our quick planetary age converter.
Discover how much you would weigh on planets like Mars, Jupiter, or Neptune. Enter your Earth weight to see the gravitational effect across the solar system.
Determine the electron plasma frequency from density to explore wave propagation in plasmas.
Estimate maximum accelerating gradient and energy gain in a plasma wakefield accelerator from plasma density and acceleration length.
Calculate gain adjustments needed to normalize podcast audio to a target LUFS level for consistent loudness.
Estimate the fantastically long time for a finite system to return arbitrarily close to its initial state using entropy and microscopic timescales.
Compute the electric field of a point charge or solve for charge or distance using Coulomb's law.
Numerically solve the 2D Poisson equation on a unit square with zero boundary conditions.
Solve for Poisson's ratio, axial strain, or transverse strain using the elasticity relation ν = -ε_transverse/ε_axial.
Convert coordinates between polar (r, θ) and Cartesian (x, y). Useful for trigonometry, physics, and engineering.
Determine the area of any simple polygon by entering its vertex coordinates. This tool uses the shoelace formula to handle irregular shapes.
Predict how environmental stress affects polymer longevity using UV index, temperature, and humidity.
Compute the greatest common divisor of two polynomials using the Euclidean algorithm.
Divide one polynomial by another using the long division algorithm and obtain the quotient and remainder.
Solve gas relationships and work for a polytropic process using initial state, final volume, and polytropic exponent.
Interactive Pomodoro timer with customizable work and break intervals plus an extensive guide to the technique.
Project future population numbers using birth, death, and migration rates.
Test whether a 3x3 symmetric matrix is positive definite using Sylvester's criterion and detailed explanations.
Estimate the postmortem interval using body temperature and ambient conditions with a simplified cooling model.
Determine how long a potion remains potent based on container type, storage temperature, and stabilization spells. Ideal for alchemists and fantasy gamers.
Calculate how many times a power bank can recharge your device accounting for voltage conversion losses.
Estimate the probability of a cascading failure in an electric power grid based on load stress, redundancy, weather, interconnections, and maintenance backlog.
Estimate how long refrigerated and frozen food stay safe during a power outage.
Estimate magnetic field strength from overhead powerlines and compare it with guideline limits.
Compute the magnitude of the Poynting vector from electric and magnetic fields to understand energy transport in electromagnetic waves.
Estimate when to change a pressure cooker gasket based on usage frequency and steam intensity.
Estimate immediate and time-dependent prestress losses in a concrete member to find effective prestressing force and stress.
Find the prime factors of any positive integer quickly and easily.
Generate all prime numbers up to a specified limit using the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
Estimate Hawking temperature and evaporation lifetime for a black hole from its mass.
Estimate the mass fraction of the early universe collapsing into primordial black holes from the variance of primordial density fluctuations using Press–Schechter theory.
Estimate the Big Bang nucleosynthesis helium-4 mass fraction and deuterium abundance from the baryon-to-photon ratio, neutron lifetime, and extra neutrino species.
Compute principal components for a two-dimensional data set using eigenvalue decomposition of the covariance matrix.
Determine refractive index, prism angle, or minimum deviation using n = sin((A+δ)/2)/sin(A/2).
Calculate projectile range, time of flight, and peak height with our Projectile Motion Calculator. Perfect for physics problems and engineering tasks.
Calculate the approximate isoelectric point of a protein from counts of acidic and basic residues.
Compute the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of a 2×2 matrix using a simple SVD approach.
Determine the ideal mechanical advantage, required effort force, and rope pull for block and tackle pulley setups.
Estimate a pulsar's characteristic age, magnetic field, spin-down luminosity, and light cylinder radius from its period and period derivative.
Use classic Mendelian genetics to calculate the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental alleles.
Project a puppy's adult weight from its current age and weight using a simple growth model and breed size adjustment.
Compute compressive strength, allowable load and melt endurance of pykrete structures from pulp fraction, dimensions and temperature.
Calculate the missing side of a right triangle using the Pythagorean theorem. Enter any two sides and instantly solve for the third.
Generate primitive and non-primitive Pythagorean triples using Euclid's formula.
Compute the one-loop running of the strong coupling α_s(Q) from the QCD scale Λ and number of active quark flavors.
Estimate the running of the electromagnetic coupling α(Q) with one-loop fermion vacuum polarization contributions.
Estimate the polarization-dependent refractive index shift and phase difference induced by strong magnetic fields via the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian.
Upload an image containing a QR code and decode its contents instantly in your browser.
Create custom QR codes instantly with this online generator. Enter text or a URL and download a scannable code to share with others.
Compute the QR decomposition of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix using the Gram-Schmidt process.
Solve quadratic equations instantly with our Quadratic Equation Solver. Simply input your coefficients to find real or complex roots easily.
Factor a quadratic polynomial ax^2 + bx + c into linear factors using the quadratic formula.
Solve quadratic inequalities ax^2 + bx + c > 0, < 0, ≥ 0, or ≤ 0 and return the solution intervals.
Estimate decoherence-induced error probability for a quantum computation using coherence time, temperature, noise, and gate count.
Estimate probability of burn-in for quantum dot displays based on usage hours, brightness, blue subpixel stress, and operating temperature.
Estimate how entangled states lose fidelity over time. Enter initial fidelity, coherence time, and elapsed time to predict current entanglement quality.
Calculate filling factor, Hall conductivity, Hall resistance, and Landau level degeneracy from electron density and magnetic field.
Compute quantized energy levels for a harmonic oscillator from frequency and quantum number.
Compute numerically stable, measure‑weighted survival odds across branching universes under the Many‑Worlds interpretation. Includes exact and tail probabilities, odds, bits of surprise, and sensitivity analysis.
Determine the Z2 topological invariant of a two-dimensional time-reversal-invariant insulator using Fu-Kane parity products at the time-reversal invariant momenta.
Estimate the probability of a particle tunneling through a rectangular potential barrier using mass, energy, barrier height, and width.
Compute the transmission probability for a particle encountering a one-dimensional potential barrier using the standard rectangular barrier model.
Model the minuscule chance that our universe transitions to a lower-energy vacuum state within a specified region and time.
Estimate lifetime prolongation via the quantum Zeno effect from repeated measurements.
Solve quartic equations ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+dx+e=0 using a fast iterative method implemented entirely in JavaScript.
Compute first, second, and third quartiles plus interquartile range for a dataset.
Perform basic quaternion arithmetic including multiplication, conjugation, and magnitude.
Estimate the effective coherence time of a qubit using relaxation and dephasing parameters. Learn why T1 and T2 matter for quantum computing.
Convert insulation R-value to U-value or vice versa to understand heat flow through walls, roofs, and windows.
Estimate the net cooling power of a radiative panel from surface temperature, sky temperature, convection and solar load.
Enter a radicand and root index to simplify radicals into the form a·√[n]{b} and view the decimal approximation.
Estimate the age of organic materials using the exponential decay of carbon‑14. Enter the remaining fraction and half-life to compute archaeological ages.
Estimate your chances of winning in a raffle given total tickets, your tickets, and number of prizes.
Estimate the probability of rail track thermal buckling based on temperature, curvature, and track condition.
Estimate rainwater collection and storage needs from roof area and rainfall.
Estimate the required storage capacity of a rainwater cistern from roof catchment, rainfall, efficiency, and household demand.
Size a first flush diverter for rainwater harvesting by estimating the volume required to discard initial roof runoff.
Calculate recommended spacing between contour swales for rainwater harvesting based on slope, infiltration rate, and rainfall intensity.
Convert Raman shift values to scattered wavelengths for spectroscopy experiments.
Compute the warp factor, physical mass scale, 4D Planck mass, and brane tensions in Randall–Sundrum models from five-dimensional parameters.
Compute thermal efficiency, net work output, and heat input of an ideal Rankine power cycle from state enthalpies.
Compute vapor pressures of a binary solution using Raoult's law with component mole fraction and pure-component pressures.
Solve for the missing value in a proportion and simplify ratios for classroom demonstrations.
Apply the rational root theorem to polynomial coefficients and discover all possible rational zeros.
Convert fractions with radicals in the denominator to an equivalent form with a rational denominator.
Estimate the diffraction-limited angular and linear resolution of an optical system using the Rayleigh criterion.
Compute the Rayleigh number to judge whether natural convection will occur based on temperature difference, fluid properties, and length scale.
Explore how light of different wavelengths scatters in air. Enter a wavelength to compare its scattering intensity relative to green light.
Compute the exponential growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability for two superposed fluids using densities, gravity, surface tension, and perturbation wavelength.
Determine capacitor voltage or discharge time for a resistor-capacitor circuit.
Compute the cutoff frequency of a simple RC low-pass filter using resistance and capacitance values.
Estimate how often a spacecraft must perform momentum dumps given external torques and wheel capacity.
Estimate tension development length for reinforcing bars based on bar diameter, steel yield strength, concrete strength, and coating condition.
Determine recommended spacing between reinforcing bars for concrete members based on required steel area and chosen bar diameter.
Determine whether rechargeable batteries save money compared to disposables over a chosen time frame.
Calculate the volume and surface area of a rectangular prism using length, width, and height.
Solve linear constant-coefficient recurrences up to order three.
Estimate energy and CO₂ savings achieved by recycling aluminum, glass, plastic, and paper instead of sending them to landfill.
Solve for reduced mass or individual masses in a two-body system using μ = m1 m2 / (m1 + m2).
Find refractive index, light speed in a medium, or vacuum speed using n = c/v with detailed explanations of optical refraction.
Project when to clean your refrigerator's condenser coils based on pets and dust levels. Keep your fridge running efficiently with this maintenance planner.
Estimate additional electricity use caused by opening your fridge based on frequency, duration, and energy prices.
Experiment with JavaScript regular expressions and instantly see highlighted matches.
Compute area, perimeter, interior and exterior angles of a regular polygon from side length and number of sides.
Compute the outer and inner horizon radii, surface gravity, and Hawking temperature of a charged, non-rotating black hole from its mass and electric charge.
Determine relative humidity from ambient temperature and dew point using the August-Roche-Magnus approximation.
Estimate the difference between traveler time and Earth time when commuting at relativistic speeds. Helpful for futuristic workers zipping near light speed.
Determine observed wavelength or frequency shifts for objects moving near the speed of light. Ideal for astrophysics and spectroscopy.
Compute relativistic kinetic energy for particles moving near light speed using mass and velocity.
Compute relativistic momentum or solve for rest mass and velocity using the Lorentz factor and special relativity.
Combine two velocities using Einstein's special relativity formula for collinear motion.
Estimate how much CO2 you can save by working remotely instead of commuting. Enter your commute details and home energy use to see the difference.
Convert repeating decimals into exact fractions with this simple browser tool for students and teachers.
Estimate appropriate feeding intervals for pet reptiles using species, weight, and age.
Calculate your Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) based on age and account balance using the IRS Uniform Lifetime Table.
Predict future oil or gas production using Arps decline curve analysis.
Estimate the heat generated by a resistor or electrical load using current or voltage, resistance, and time.
Compute active earth pressure on a retaining wall using wall height, soil density and friction angle.
Estimate cost savings from switching to returnable shipping containers instead of disposable packaging.
Compute the Reynolds number for a fluid flow using density, velocity, characteristic length, and viscosity. Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Convert colors from the RGB model used on screens to the CMYK model used for printing.
Compute perimeter, area, height, and diagonals of a rhombus from side length and angle using this interactive geometry calculator.
Score and sort product features using the Reach, Impact, Confidence, and Effort framework.
Calculate an earthquake's local magnitude using amplitude and distance values.
Estimate integrals using left, right, or midpoint Riemann sums.
Convert finger measurements to US, UK and EU ring sizes using a client-side calculator with size tables.
Determine median riprap stone size and weight using the Isbash formula based on flow velocity and rock density.
Analyze the transient response of a series resistor-inductor circuit driven by a step voltage source, computing current, time constant, and stored energy.
Determine impedance, phase angle, and resonant frequency for a series RLC circuit.
Estimate annual required minimum distributions from retirement accounts using age-based life expectancy factors.
Compare monthly costs of owning a robot vacuum versus cleaning floors manually.
Estimate the minimum orbital distance at which a satellite can orbit a massive body without being torn apart by tidal forces.
Calculate the density of a rock sample by entering its mass and volume.
Compute the thrust produced by a rocket engine based on mass flow rate, exhaust velocity, and pressure difference.
Use the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation to compute achievable delta-v from mass ratio and exhaust velocity. Essential for orbital mechanics and mission design.
Estimate the thermal mass volume and length of a rocket mass heater bench from desired stored heat and material properties.
Calculate a rocket's payload mass fraction from its payload, structural mass, and propellant mass using a simple ratio.
Determine wood mass and log length required for rocket stove heating from power output, burn time, and efficiency.
Determine the acceleration, time, and final speed of rigid bodies rolling without slipping down an incline.
Convert numbers to Roman numerals and back with this easy Roman numeral converter. Learn how the Roman numeral system works and its history.
Schedule periodic roof inspections based on roof age, material, and storm exposure.
Estimate axial room mode frequencies using room dimensions to plan acoustic treatment.
Split rent among roommates based on room size and amenities. Enter each room's square footage and adjust weights for fairness.
Estimate vent pipe requirements to achieve desired air changes in a root cellar.
Compute the rms speed, temperature, or molar mass of a gas using v_rms = sqrt(3RT/M).
Estimate paddock area and number of paddocks for a rotational grazing system based on herd size, consumption rates, and pasture growth.
Solve constant angular acceleration problems by entering any three of angular displacement, initial and final angular velocity, acceleration, or time.
Compute the rotational kinetic energy stored in a rotating body using moment of inertia and angular velocity.
Solve τ = Iα for torque, moment of inertia, or angular acceleration in rotational dynamics.
Estimate roulette win probabilities and expected returns for common bets on American or European wheels.
Construct the Routh table for a polynomial and count sign changes to assess stability using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion.
Estimate a recommended RSA key size based on the desired security level and compute an approximate brute-force time.
Estimate flame peak spacing and standing wave structure in a Rubens' tube based on tube length and driving frequency.
Perform a single Runge-Kutta 4th order step for first-order ODEs.
Estimate the blockade radius for a pair of Rydberg atoms given the van der Waals C₆ coefficient and Rabi frequency.
Calculate wavelength, frequency, and photon energy for hydrogen-like atoms using the Rydberg equation. Explore how transitions between energy levels produce spectral lines.
Find candle lighting and Havdalah times for the Sabbath by entering your local sunset and preferred offsets.
Estimate time delay and fringe shift produced by the Sagnac effect for a rotating interferometer.
Compute the phase shift and time delay observed in a rotating Sagnac interferometer from its geometry, rotation rate, and light wavelength.
Compute the ratio of ionized to neutral atoms in a gas using the Saha equation with temperature and electron density.
Estimate electricity from mixing freshwater and seawater using osmotic pressure differences.
Convert measurements among table salt, Morton kosher, Diamond Crystal kosher, and coarse sea salt using density-based math.
Determine the number of responses needed for reliable survey or experiment results.
Estimate energy stored in a sand heat battery, charging time, and heating duration for off-grid thermal storage experiments.
Estimate annual delta-v required for collision avoidance in satellite constellations using satellite count, cross-section, relative velocity, altitude, and mission duration.
Estimate the allowable live load on a scaffolding bay by considering leg capacity, platform size, and plank rating.
Compute the scalar triple product A·(B×C) and the volume of the parallelepiped defined by three vectors.
Create scatter plots from data pairs and explore correlation with a browser-based tool.
Estimate the radius of a black hole's event horizon from its mass using the Schwarzschild formula.
Estimate electron-positron pair production rates in a constant electric field using the Schwinger mechanism.
Convert numbers to and from scientific notation.
Estimate the maximum load a mechanical screw jack can lift based on thread geometry and material strength.
Determine the mechanical advantage of a screw and the effort force needed to lift a load using its radius and thread pitch.
Estimate the pull-out strength of a screw in wood using diameter, embedment depth, and wood specific gravity. Useful for DIY and engineering projects.
Estimate dive time from tank volume, pressures, surface air consumption rate, and depth.
Calculate the density of seawater based on temperature and salinity with a simplified UNESCO equation.
Compute the approximate age of a fossil-bearing sediment layer from its depth and the local accumulation rate.
Estimate the voltage generated by a thermoelectric material given its Seebeck coefficient and the temperature difference between hot and cold junctions.
Relate light neutrino masses, Yukawa couplings, and the heavy scale in the type-I seesaw mechanism.
Compute the design base shear of a building using spectral acceleration, importance, and response modification factors.
Compute the travel time of seismic P or S waves given distance and wave velocity. Useful for earthquake analysis and geophysical surveys.
Analyze keyword usage against total word count to maintain natural SEO keyword density and avoid search engine penalties.
Estimate when your septic tank should be pumped based on tank volume and household size.
Estimate serum osmolality from sodium, glucose, and BUN to assess hydration status and osmolar gap.
Perform union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference on two sets entered as comma-separated lists.
Determine how much fabric you need for a sewing pattern. Input piece dimensions, fabric width, and seam allowances to calculate yardage.
Estimate Shabbat candle lighting and havdalah times from latitude, longitude, and timezone.
Compute the shear stress and angle of twist in a solid circular shaft subjected to torque using polar moment of inertia and shear modulus.
Compute ultimate and allowable soil bearing pressures for shallow foundations using the Terzaghi bearing capacity equations for general shear failure.
Compute Shannon entropy from probability values to quantify uncertainty in data.
Determine the desk density of a shared office space and see if it meets your comfort standards. Enter total square footage, desk count, and your preferred square footage per desk.
Determine a material's shear modulus from measured shear stress and strain, with background on deformation and rigidity.
Determine if a given Gregorian year corresponds to a Shemitah year in the Hebrew calendar and find the next upcoming sabbatical year.
Calculate total pay including shift differential for evening, night, or weekend work.
Estimate thrust, acceleration, and travel time for moving a star using a Shkadov thruster.
Compare water consumption and heating energy between a shower and a bath to reveal the more efficient choice for your routine.
Estimate how much water you use in the shower and learn tips to conserve. Enter flow rate, shower time, and water cost.
Compute signal-to-noise ratio in linear units or decibels. Understand how noise affects communications, audio fidelity, and scientific measurements.
Round numbers to a chosen number of significant figures and count the significant digits present.
Compute the volume and weight of a silage pile or bunker from its dimensions, density, and moisture content to plan feed inventories.
Calculate the oscillation period of a simple pendulum using length and gravitational acceleration. Learn how T = 2π√(L/g) governs swing timing.
Model the risk that a simulated universe is reset after anomalous events.
Estimate the resonant humming frequency of avalanching sand dunes from grain size and gravity using an empirical formula.
Compute the singular value decomposition of a 2x2 matrix. Find U, Σ, and V^T matrices and explore detailed explanations of the SVD process.
Simulate disease spread with the classic SIR differential equations and explore reproduction numbers.
Estimate how long your skateboard deck will last based on riding hours, trick intensity, deck quality, and rider weight.
Estimate electromagnetic skin depth in conductors from frequency, resistivity, and permeability.
Convert linear equations between slope-intercept form and standard form without rounding.
Calculate potential savings from installing a smart thermostat. Enter your monthly energy cost, expected efficiency improvement, and months of use.
Estimate daily battery consumption from active smartphone sensors and sampling durations.
Plan when to change smoke alarm batteries or replace sealed alarms based on installation date and battery type.
Compare seasonal time and expense of clearing snow by hand versus using a snow blower.
Estimate roof snow load to determine whether your structure can safely handle heavy snowfall.
Estimate the water contained in a snowpack by combining snow depth and density.
Determine how much lye and water to use for your homemade soap. Adjust for superfat percentage and oil weight to create reliable recipes.
Generate a posting calendar by selecting a start date, frequency, and number of weeks.
Calculate the likelihood of finding a matching pair in your sock drawer. Our Sock Matching Probability Calculator turns laundry day into a fun statistics experiment.
Estimate how many features or lines of code your development team can deliver each release cycle using team size and productivity metrics.
Use the Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate annual soil loss and evaluate conservation practices.
Estimate the battery capacity needed for solar systems by entering daily usage, voltage, depth of discharge, and days of autonomy.
Find out how many years it will take for a solar battery system to pay for itself based on incentives, annual savings, and how those savings change over time.
Compute the solar declination angle for any date to understand the sun's apparent seasonal movement and its impact on daylight and solar energy.
Evaluate the long-term costs of leasing, buying, or signing a power purchase agreement for a home solar system. Input system size, pricing, and energy assumptions to see which route saves more.
Estimate how long food takes to cook in a solar oven using mass, specific heat, temperature rise, and solar input.
Estimate the daily energy output of a solar array using panel wattage, sun hours, and derate factors.
Estimate how nearby obstructions reduce solar panel output using simple geometry and sun angles.
Estimate energy loss from dust and dirt accumulation on photovoltaic panels and evaluate optimal cleaning intervals.
Calculate the optimal tilt angle for your solar panels based on latitude and date to maximize energy capture.
Estimate the photon-driven acceleration of a solar sail spacecraft and the time required to reach a target velocity.
Estimate the exposure time needed to pasteurize water using solar energy based on volume, temperatures, irradiance, and collector area.
Compute the magnetic field inside a solenoid from the number of turns, current, length, and core permeability. Learn how coils generate magnetic fields with the solenoid equation.
Compute the solubility product constant or molar solubility for sparingly soluble salts using stoichiometric coefficients.
Use this solution dilution calculator to find how much stock solution and solvent you need for a target concentration. Perfect for chemistry and biology labs.
Compute the absorption coefficient of a material based on incident and reflected sound intensities and surface area.
Convert between sound intensity and decibel level or solve for reference intensity.
Sum multiple sound levels by converting decibels to intensity and back.
Estimate bulk fermentation or proofing time for sourdough based on ambient temperature and starter percentage using a Q10-based model.
Calculate the probability of a satellite colliding with orbital debris based on area, altitude, velocity, and mission duration.
Estimate casualty probability from uncontrolled space debris reentry using object mass, survival fraction, footprint width, and population density.
Compute the base tension and stress for a hypothetical space elevator cable using length, mass density and cross-section.
Estimate the exponential taper required for a space elevator cable and compute mass for a given base area using material density and strength.
Estimate safety factor for a space elevator tether segment based on material strength, diameter, payload mass, and altitude.
Determine the rotation rate or radius needed to generate artificial gravity in a rotating space habitat and assess motion sickness risk.
Assess ground-level microwave power density from a space solar power beam using power, frequency, aperture and offset.
Estimate delivered ground power from a space-based solar array using panel area, conversion efficiencies, and transmission losses.
Estimate the one-way radio signal time between Earth and a spacecraft based on distance.
Estimate the change in velocity achievable by a spacecraft using the rocket equation. Understand how mass and specific impulse determine mission profiles.
Compute the Spearman rank correlation coefficient for paired data. Convert values to ranks and measure the strength of monotonic relationships.
Determine the specific gravity of a substance or solve for its density relative to water using SG = rho_object / rho_reference.
Determine how much heat energy is required or released when a substance changes temperature. Enter mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change to compute Q=mcΔT.
Compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric 2x2 matrix and display its spectral decomposition.
Estimate the spectral radius of a 2x2 or 3x3 matrix using the power method.
Convert speeds between meters per second, kilometers per hour, miles per hour, feet per second and knots.
Calculate the speed of sound in an ideal gas from temperature, molar mass, and heat capacity ratio.
Compute travel speed, distance, or time by entering any two values. Supports multiple units for quick trip planning and physics problems.
Calculate the volume and surface area of a sphere from its radius.
Solve for capacitance, inner or outer radius, or dielectric constant of a spherical capacitor using C = 4π ε₀ εᵣ ab/(b−a).
Determine image distance and magnification for concave or convex mirrors using the classic mirror equation.
Calculate when your spices expire based on type and purchase date, and get tips for storing them longer.
Calibrate boom sprayers by calculating gallons per acre from nozzle flow, travel speed, and spacing. Estimate total spray volume for any field size with on-device math.
Find the elastic potential energy, spring constant, or displacement for a Hooke's law spring.
Estimate how long a solid state drive will last before reaching its terabytes written limit using daily workload and write amplification.
Calculate the total electricity consumption for stage lights by entering fixture counts, wattage, and hours of use.
Estimate how long a dripping cave ceiling takes to form stalactites from calcium-rich water using drip rate and concentration inputs.
Estimate annual electricity cost of standby or phantom power loads.
Determine how many plants you need to sustain breathable air on your interstellar voyage. This whimsical calculator explores life-support gardening for sci-fi enthusiasts.
Create a stem-and-leaf plot from a list of numbers and visualize data distribution.
Convert your daily step count into estimated distance and calories burned using stride length and body weight.
Estimate the cosmological abundance of keV-mass sterile neutrinos produced by the Dodelson–Widrow mechanism from their mass and mixing angle.
Estimate the terminal settling velocity of small spherical particles in viscous fluids using Stokes' law.
Explore Stokes theorem on the unit disk with a custom vector field. Compute the line integral around the boundary and the surface integral of the curl.
Estimate the diffusion coefficient of small particles in a fluid using the Stokes-Einstein equation.
Determine required diameter and velocity for full-flow storm sewer pipes using the Manning equation and slope inputs.
Estimate possible storm surge heights during hurricanes by selecting storm category, tide level, and coastal slope.
Compute the discharge of a stream or river from its cross-sectional area and flow velocity.
Find out how much CO2 streaming your favorite shows produces. Enter video quality, hours watched, and device efficiency.
Compute fundamental and harmonic frequencies for a stretched string given its length, tension, and linear density.
Determine wave speed on a stretched string and its fundamental frequency from tension, linear mass density, and length.
Evaluate the quantum nonlinearity parameter χ for an electron interacting with an intense laser field.
Calculate the present lump-sum value of your structured settlement or annuity payments instantly. Find out how much your future payments are really worth today.
Compute PDF, CDF, survival probability, mean, variance, and quantiles for Student's t distribution with any degrees of freedom.
Estimate the probability of an undersea fiber optic cable outage from length, depth, fishing activity, seismicity, and path redundancy using a logistic model.
Solve Sudoku puzzles instantly in your browser using a backtracking algorithm.
Adjust sugar syrup target temperatures for altitude and learn about candy stages.
Check if your sukkah meets traditional halachic size requirements by entering its length, width, and height.
Estimate when to test and service your sump pump based on usage cycles, pump age, and last service date. Avoid water damage with timely maintenance.
Generate radial coordinates for sunflower-style seed arrangements using the golden angle and adjustable scaling.
Estimate sunrise and sunset times for any location on a specific date.
Estimate the Compton y parameter and Rayleigh–Jeans temperature decrement produced by hot electrons scattering the CMB.
Compute the Ginzburg-Landau parameter and critical fields of a superconductor from coherence length and penetration depth.
Estimate electric output from a supercritical CO2 enhanced geothermal system using mass flow rate, reservoir temperatures and conversion efficiency.
Find the area of a superellipse described by |x/a|^n + |y/b|^n = 1.
Determine the gravitational acceleration on any planet or moon using its mass and radius. Explore how surface gravity shapes planetary environments.
Compute the surface area formed when y = f(x) is revolved about the x-axis on an interval. Includes step-by-step explanations of the calculus behind the method of rotation.
Solve Young-Laplace relation for pressure difference, surface tension, or bubble radius.
Solve constant-acceleration motion problems by entering any three of displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, or time. The calculator applies the classic SUVAT equations and explains their derivation.
Compute the singular value decomposition of a 2x2 matrix to understand matrix structure.
Convert between sugar, honey, maple syrup, agave nectar, coconut sugar, and stevia using density and sweetness ratios for precise recipe substitutions.
Determine how much energy and money it takes to raise the temperature of your swimming pool. Enter pool volume, desired temperature rise, heater efficiency, and energy price.
Check whether a symmetric matrix is positive or negative definite using leading principal minors.
Determine the characteristic synchrotron radiation frequency and power emitted by a relativistic electron moving in a magnetic field.
Estimate energy loss per turn and radiated power for electrons in a synchrotron using beam energy, bending radius, and current.
Solve systems of two or three linear equations with detailed step-by-step explanations.
Explore how faster-than-light tachyon signals could create causality violations by computing arrival times in different frames.
Calculate recommended tallit dimensions based on your height and preferred style.
Solve for tangential speed, angular velocity, or radius using v = ωr.
Evaluate total costs of tankless and traditional tank water heaters by factoring installation and energy usage over time.
Generate the Taylor series of a mathematical function around a point to any order.
Calculate your Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) with this straightforward calculator. Determine how many calories you need each day based on your activity level.
Calculate the diffraction-limited angular resolution of a telescope using wavelength and aperture diameter. Learn how aperture size influences your ability to separate close celestial objects.
Estimate telescope magnification and true field of view from focal lengths and eyepiece specifications.
Convert temperatures instantly between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin with this easy temperature converter.
Model forces in a three-strut tensegrity prism by computing cable tensions, strut compression, and safety margins from geometry and load.
Evaluate term life versus whole life insurance by comparing premiums, cash value growth, and investing the difference.
Compute the terminal velocity of an object falling through a fluid using mass, drag coefficient, cross-sectional area, and fluid density.
Change text between uppercase, lowercase, title case, camelCase, and more with this offline Text Case Converter. Useful for developers and writers alike.
Compare two blocks of text and highlight insertions and deletions with this offline text diff tool.
Evaluate positive and negative tone in text using a simple word list approach.
Convert written text to spoken audio directly in your browser. Adjust voice, rate, pitch, and volume and explore the science of speech synthesis.
Estimate maximum seating for a venue by entering rows, seats per row, and blocked areas. Learn how spacing and safety codes affect your theater's capacity.
Estimate seasonal energy loss and cost due to linear thermal bridges.
Evaluate indoor comfort by calculating predicted mean vote (PMV) and percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) using temperature, humidity, clothing, and activity levels.
Compute linear expansion for metals, plastics, and building materials. Enter length, temperature change, and coefficient to see how much a component expands.
Estimate the RMS thermal noise voltage generated by a resistor at a given temperature and bandwidth.
Compute thermal stress, Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, or temperature change.
Determine temperature from an NTC thermistor using the Beta parameter equation.
Convert thermocouple voltage to temperature for common types using standard polynomials. Includes reference junction compensation.
Convert temperature differences into usable electricity by estimating the power of a thermoelectric generator from hot and cold side temperatures, Seebeck coefficient and module resistance.
Determine the thickness required for constructive or destructive thin-film interference at a given wavelength and refractive index.
Determine focal length, object distance, or image distance using the thin lens equation 1/f = 1/do + 1/di.
Calculate the potential power generated by tidal currents using area, flow velocity, and turbine efficiency.
Estimate tidal heating power generated inside a moon or exoplanet due to orbital eccentricity and gravitational interactions.
Estimate how long it takes a moon or planet to tidally lock to its primary.
Estimate the width and surface area of the temperate ring on a tidally locked exoplanet using a simple energy balance model.
Estimate how well different materials and environments preserve time capsule messages over decades.
Generate a fair rotating meeting schedule across many time zones so the inconvenience of off‑hour calls is shared evenly.
Determine the number of photos needed for a time-lapse project and see the final video duration.
Estimate how many solar panels and how much battery storage a tiny home requires. Enter daily energy use, panel wattage, sun hours, and efficiency.
Quickly figure out the right tip amount and split the bill with friends. Enter the bill total, tip percentage, and number of people to see how much each person owes.
Explore whether a rotating dense cylinder could create closed timelike curves by estimating mass, surface velocity, and a chronology violation parameter.
Compare two tire sizes to see differences in diameter, circumference, and speedometer accuracy.
Estimate remaining tire life from tread depth measurements and driving habits.
Evaluate the gravitational stability of a rotating disk using the Toomre Q parameter derived from sound speed, epicyclic frequency, and surface density.
Compute a topological ordering of a directed acyclic graph using Kahn's algorithm.
Compute torque from force, lever arm length and angle using the cross product definition.
Estimate the slip percentage in an automotive torque converter to evaluate performance.
Determine the torque and magnetic moment of a current loop placed in an external magnetic field.
Compute the proper torque wrench setting when using an extension or crowfoot adapter at any angle.
Estimate the time required for a tank to drain through a small orifice using Torricelli's law, accounting for fluid heights and areas.
Calculate the oscillation period of a torsional pendulum using its moment of inertia and torsion constant.
Compute the volume and surface area of a torus from its major and minor radii. Useful for 3D modeling and mechanical design.
Estimate available PTO horsepower from engine horsepower and drivetrain efficiency.
Evaluate the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture bound on the number of inflationary e-folds for a given Hubble scale.
Calculate the area of a trapezoid using the lengths of the parallel bases and the height.
Estimate negative energy requirements for a simple Morris–Thorne wormhole.
Estimate how much carbon dioxide a tree sequesters each year using trunk diameter, species group, and growth rates.
Compute centroid, incenter, circumcenter, and orthocenter of a triangle from vertex coordinates.
Compute PDF, CDF, mean and variance for a triangular distribution using minimum, mode and maximum.
Estimate energy storage and thermal lag of a Trombe wall using wall dimensions, material properties, and solar input.
Calculate Carlson's Trophic State Index from Secchi depth, chlorophyll-a, and total phosphorus measurements to classify lake productivity.
Determine the panel point load on a simple roof truss by entering the total load and number of panels. Learn how engineers balance forces using this basic method.
Generate a full truth table for any propositional logic expression using AND, OR, NOT and XOR operators.
Determine how much sealant to pour into tubeless bicycle tires using diameter, width, and desired fill percentage.
Compute the net thrust and thrust specific fuel consumption of a turbofan engine from airflow and fuel parameters with this interactive tool.
Evaluate the Chern number of a two-dimensional two-band lattice model from its mass parameter.
Estimate how long an underwater habitat can maintain safe CO₂ levels based on volume, crew, and scrubbing capacity.
Estimate underwater acoustic transmission loss using range, frequency, and spreading geometry. Includes absorption via the Thorp formula.
Estimate weekly unemployment insurance benefits using wage history, replacement rate, and maximum limits.
Look up Unicode code points, view decimal, hexadecimal and binary representations, and explore character categories.
Find sine, cosine, and tangent values and coordinates on the unit circle for a given angle in degrees or radians.
Explore speculative propulsion by estimating Unruh radiation temperature, power, and thrust for an accelerating spacecraft.
Estimate potential temperature reductions by adding tree canopy and reflective surfaces to urban areas.
Estimate annual vegetable yield from a rooftop garden by entering usable area, planting density, and number of harvests.
Analyze a URL into protocol, host, path, and query parameters entirely in your browser.
Transform any phrase into a lowercase, hyphenated slug suitable for URLs.
Find the optimal USB-C Power Delivery voltage and current pair to meet a desired wattage while respecting cable limits.
Estimate when to replace your vacuum cleaner bag based on floor area cleaned, dirt density, and bag capacity. Maintain peak suction with this planner.
Estimate shell thickness, mass, and net lift for speculative vacuum balloons using material density and strength.
Compute the Vainshtein radius where nonlinear interactions screen modifications to gravity around massive bodies.
Estimate dome capacitance, maximum voltage, charging current, and charge time for a Van de Graaff electrostatic generator.
Estimate the pressure of a real gas using the Van der Waals equation with adjustable constants a and b. Compare non-ideal behavior to the ideal gas law.
Add two 2D or 3D vectors using component-wise addition to find the resultant vector, magnitude, and direction.
Calculate the cross product of two vectors and learn how this fundamental operation is used in physics and engineering for torque, rotation, and area calculations.
Compute the dot product and angle between two 3D vectors.
Compute the length of a vector from its components using this client-side vector magnitude calculator.
Calculate velocity and pressure changes in a Venturi tube using inlet area, throat area, fluid density, and inlet velocity.
Estimate daily and monthly electricity use of a vertical farm using area, light level, efficiency and photoperiod.
Project yearly crop yield and electricity usage for a vertical farm by entering grow area, levels, crop productivity, and lighting parameters.
Estimate the coverage, premiums, and break-even point for insuring a vinyl record collection.
Estimate how many virus copies accumulate mutations across generations given a replication factor and mutation rate.
Predict the approximate reach of an ash cloud using plume height, wind speed, and particle size.
Estimate aircraft engine damage risk from volcanic ash exposure using concentration, duration, and thrust.
Estimate a safe evacuation radius around a volcano based on the Volcanic Explosivity Index and population density.
Calculate voltage drop across electrical conductors to size wiring correctly and avoid energy loss.
Estimate generations, probe counts, and total time for self-replicating probes to spread across a galaxy.
Estimate the frequency of vortex shedding behind a cylinder or other bluff body using flow velocity, object size, and the Strouhal number.
Compute the Walsh-Hadamard transform of a sequence using a fast butterfly algorithm.
Estimate the comoving free-streaming horizon and corresponding mass scale for warm dark matter particles.
Compare annual costs of reusable washable HVAC filters against disposable replacements.
Calculate when to descale a washing machine by considering water hardness and laundry frequency.
Adjust water bath canning times for altitude to ensure safe preservation.
Estimate the time required to heat water to a target temperature based on volume, heater power, and efficiency.
Plan when to replace household water filters based on usage and capacity.
Estimate the transient pressure spike caused by sudden changes in flow using the Joukowsky equation.
Estimate the optimal interval to replace a water heater's sacrificial anode rod based on water hardness and hot water usage.
Estimate thermal expansion volume and choose an expansion tank size for residential water heaters.
Estimate how often your tank-style water heater should be flushed to remove sediment based on water hardness and usage.
Estimate when to flush water heater sediment based on tank volume and water hardness.
Determine the ideal water heater size for your household using the number of occupants and bathrooms. Learn how capacity and first-hour rating affect performance.
Estimate when your water softener will need its next salt refill using hardness, capacity, and household water use.
Estimate the mechanical power produced by a water wheel from flow rate, head and efficiency.
Solve the one-dimensional wave equation with fixed ends using a finite difference method.
Compute the cutoff frequency of rectangular waveguides from dimensions and mode indices using classic microwave formulas.
Convert wavelength to frequency or vice versa for any wave speed.
Compute the Weber number to judge droplet deformation and breakup using fluid density, velocity, characteristic length, and surface tension.
Estimate monthly data transfer and hosting costs by entering page size, monthly visitors, and bandwidth pricing.
Determine the ideal mechanical advantage of a wedge and the effort force needed to drive it under a load using its geometry.
Estimate the filamentation growth rate in anisotropic plasmas using beam and background densities along with the Lorentz factor.
Compute probability density and cumulative values of the Weibull distribution.
Convert weights between kilograms, pounds, ounces, grams, tons and more with this weight converter.
Compute a weighted average easily. Enter up to three values with their weights to see the weighted mean.
Perform weighted linear regression to find the slope and intercept that minimize weighted squared error.
Compute a weighted moving average of a numeric series for forecasting and trend analysis.
Determine appropriate weld preheat temperature using carbon equivalent and thickness.
Compute the required fillet weld size based on applied load, weld length, and allowable stress.
Estimate the heat input of your welds using voltage, current, and travel speed.
Compute the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle system and the effort force needed at the rim to raise or lower a load on the axle.
Find inner clearance and outer poke differences when changing wheel width or offset using this browser-based wheel fitment calculator.
Model sound travel around circular whispering galleries by arc length, travel time, and attenuation.
Estimate the airflow needed for a whole house fan using floor area, ceiling height and target air changes per hour.
Estimate WiFi coverage based on router power, frequency, and obstacles. Learn how placement and materials affect wireless signal strength.
Estimate indoor particulate levels during wildfire smoke events using air exchange, filtration, and deposition inputs.
Estimate the thermal relic density of a weakly interacting massive particle from its mass and annihilation cross-section.
Use our Wind Chill Calculator to discover how cold it really feels outside. Enter air temperature and wind speed to get the perceived temperature and learn safety tips for extreme cold.
Estimate power output reduction from blade icing and assess risk of turbine shutdown
Calculate the capacity factor of a wind turbine using rotor size, wind speed, efficiency and rated power.
Calculate the blade tip speed and tip speed ratio of a wind turbine to help evaluate aerodynamic performance.
See how upgrading windows reduces heating costs by calculating heat loss differences.
Estimate the fermentation duration for red or white wine based on temperature and starting sugar levels.
Compute the aspect ratio of a wing from span and area to explore stability and efficiency in aerodynamics.
Calculate the safe current capacity of electrical wire based on gauge size, material, insulation rating, ambient temperature, and bundling.
Plan when to reseal a wooden deck by factoring sun exposure and rainfall into a tailored maintenance timeline.
Determine the appropriate throat diameter for an Imbert-style wood gasifier based on engine displacement and gas production rates.
Compare seasonal operating costs of wood, gas, and electric fireplaces using local fuel prices and energy needs.
Quickly count words, characters, and lines in your text with this lightweight word counter. Perfect for writers, students, and developers needing an offline tool.
Compute work, force, displacement, or angle for constant-force problems using W = F d cosθ. Includes a detailed explanation of the work concept and practical examples.
Estimate how much CO2 you save by working from home compared to commuting, including home electricity use.
Compute the next yahrzeit date by converting the original date of passing into the upcoming Hebrew calendar anniversary.
Transform YAML documents to JSON on the fly with this offline converter. Paste YAML and instantly get a JSON representation.
Determine Young's modulus from applied force, cross-sectional area, and elongation. Explore the relationship between stress and strain.
Estimate total watch hours and days to reach YouTube goals from video metrics.
Estimate the wavelength shift of atomic spectral lines in a magnetic field using the Zeeman effect. Explore atomic physics and spectroscopy.